Table 9.

Synthesis of the partition into 4 classes of the EU-28 countries over the sub-period 2014–2019

This table summarizes the main results of the HAC characterization of the chosen partition into four classes of countries, obtained from the cut of the hierarchical tree of Fig. 5. Division is carried out according to the positions of the countries, on the factorial axes of the PCA. All the variables presented in this table are significant with a risk of error less than or equal to 5%. The sign ‘ − ’ (respectively ‘ + ’) indicates a level significantly lower (respectively higher) of the average of the variable in the class considered compared to the average of the variable over all 28 countries. The years for which the variables are significant are specified after the names of the variables