Table 2.
List of fungal PQs that have been discovered and their producers
| PQs’ class | Perylenequinone | Producer | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Class A | 1) 3,6,6a,9,10-pentahydroxy-7,8-epoxy-4-oxo-4,5,6,6a,6b,7,8,9-octahydroperylene | Alternaria sp. |
Endophytic fungus from Pinus ponderosa |
(Tantry et al. 2018) |
| 2) 3,6,6a,7,10-pentahydroxy-4,9-dioxo-4,5,6,6a,6b,7,8,9-octahydroperylene | (Tantry et al. 2018) | |||
|
3) altertoxin I 4) altertoxin II 5) altertoxin III |
Alternaria alternata | – | (Stack and Prival 1986) | |
|
6) 6-methoxy-3,6a,7,10-tetrahydroxy-4,9-dioxo-4,5,6,6a,6b,7,8,9-octahydroperylene 7) 3,6a,9,10-tetrahydroxy-7,8-epoxy-4-oxo-4,5,6,6a,6b,7,8,9-octahydroperylene 8) 6-methoxy-3,6a,9,10-tetrahydroxy-7,8-epoxy-4-oxo-4,5,6,6a,6b,7,8,9-octahydroperylene 9) dehydroaltertoxin I altertoxin I (3) |
Alternaria sp. |
Endophytic fungus from Pinus ponderosa |
(Idris et al. 2015) | |
|
10) altertoxin VII 11) butyl xanalterate |
Alternaria sp. SCSIO41014 | Sponge-derived fungus | (Pang et al. 2018) | |
|
12) alterlosin I 13) alterlosin II |
Alternaria alternata | Pathogenic fungus from Centaurea maculosa, | (Stierle et al. 1989) | |
|
14) 8β-chloro-3,6aα,7β,9β,10-pentahydroxy-9,8,7,6 atetrahydroperylen-4(6aH)-one 15) alterperylenol 16) dihydroalterperylenol |
Alternaria sp. M6 Aspergillus fumigatus D |
Halotolerant fungus Endophytic of Edgeworthia chrysantha. |
(Zhang et al. 2012) (Zhang et al. 2017) |
|
|
17) , 7-epi-8-hydroxyaltertoxin I 18) 6-epi- stemphytriol 19) stemphyperylenol altertoxin I (3) |
Alternaria alternata Setophoma sp. |
Marine endophytic fungus from algal species of the genus Laurencia. | (Gao et al. 2009; Bazioli et al. 2020) | |
| 20) alteichin | Alternaria eichhorniae | Phytopathogenic fungus | (Robeson et al. 1984) | |
| 21) stemphyltoxin III | Alternaria alternata | – | (Davis and Stack 1991) | |
|
22) 1,4,6b,7,10-pentahydroxy-1,2,6b,7,8,12b-hexahydroperylene-3,9-dione 23) 1,4,9,12a-tetrahydroxy-12-methoxy-1,2,11,12,12a,12b-hexahydroperylene-3,10-dione |
Alternaria tenuissima SS77 | Endophytic fungus | (Chagas et al. 2016) | |
| 24) 1,4,9-trihydroxy-1,2-dihydroperylene-3,10-dione | ||||
| 25) 4,9-dihydroxyperylene-3, l0-quinone |
Bulgaria inquinans Daldinia concentrica Thamnomyces sp. Phylacia sp. Cenococcum geophilum Rhopalostroma sp. |
– | (Anderson and Murray 1956; Weiss et al. 1987; Stadler et al. 2004; Itoh et al. 2012; Wendt et al. 2018) | |
| 26) 4,9-dihydroxy-1,2,11,12-tetrahydroperylene-3,10-quinone | Bulgaria inquinans | – | (Xian et al. 2006) | |
|
27) methylated 12-epi-stemphytriol alterperylenol (15) dihydroalterperylenol (16) |
Curvularia lunata LBQM-04 | – | (Cruz et al. 2020) | |
|
28) stemphyltoxin I 29) stemphyltoxin IV altertoxin II (4) stemphyltoxin III (21) |
Stemphylium botryosum | – | (Podlech et al. 2014) | |
| Class B | 30) cercosporin |
Cercospora kikuchii C. hayii |
– | (Kuyama and Tamura 1957; Mumma et al. 1973; Mastrangelopoulou et al. 2019) |
| 31) phleichrome | Cladosporium phlei | Pathogenic fungus of Phleum pretense | (Seto et al. 2005) | |
|
32) ent-isopheichrome 33) cladochrome A 34) cladochrome B |
Cladosporium cucumerinum | Pathogen | (Arnone et al. 1988) | |
|
35) cladochrome C 36) cladochrome D 37) cladochrome E |
Cladosporium cladosporioides | – | (Arnone et al., 1990) | |
|
38) cladochrome F 39) cladochrome G |
Cladosporium spp. | – | (Williams et al. 2008; Pettit 2011) | |
|
40) calphostin A 41) calphostin B 42) calphostin C 43) calphostin D 44) calphostin I |
Cladosporium cladosporioides Phaeosphaeria sp. |
– |
(Iida et al. 2012) (Li et al. 2012) |
|
|
45) elsinochrome A 46) elsinochrome B 47) elsinochrome C 48) elsinochrome D |
Elsinoë annonae Stagonospora convolvuli Parastagonospora nodorum Pyrenochaeta terrestris Shiraia sp. Phaeosphaeria sp. |
Pathogen | (Weiss et al. 1987; Meille et al. 1989; Kurobane et al. 2006; Li et al. 2012; Chooi et al. 2017; Al Subeh et al. 2020) | |
|
49) hypocrellin 50) hypocrellin A 51) hypocrellin B 52) hypocrellin D |
Hypocrella bambusae Rubroshiraia bambusae Shiraia sp. |
Pathogen | (Wu et al. 1989; Ma et al. 2004; Dai et al. 2019; Al Subeh et al. 2020; Li et al. 2021) | |
|
53) hypomycin A 54) hypomycin B 55) hypomycin C 56) hypomycin E 57) hypomycin F 58) hypomycin D |
Hypomyces sp. Shiraia sp. |
– | (Liu et al. 2001b, a; Shen et al. 2003; Al Subeh et al. 2020) | |
|
59) phaeosphaerin A 60) phaeosphaerin B 61) phaeosphaerin C 62) phaeosphaerin D 63) phaeosphaerin E 64) phaeosphaerin F |
Phaeosphaeria sp. | Endolichenic fungus from Heterodermia obscurata | (Li et al. 2012) | |
|
65) shiraiachrome A 66) ent-shiraiachrome A |
Shiraia bambusicola | Pathogenic fungus of bamboos | (Mulrooey et al. 2012) |