Table 3.
Assessment Balance Performance with Eyes Open
| Balance Parameters | Group A (n=48) | Group B (n=45) | Group C (n=51) | Group D (n=32) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CoM ML Range, cm | (0.2, 0.41) 0.31 | (0.24, 0.44) 0.37 | (0.25, 0.45) 0.34 | (0.19, 0.31) 0.23#▲ | 0.015H |
| Ankle ML Range, cm | (0.59, 1.11) 0.89 | (0.62, 1.15) 0.9 | (0.66, 1.3) 0.89 | (0.50, 0.91) 0.61#▲ | 0.048H |
| Hip ML Range, cm | (0.66, 1.00) 0.84 | (0.73, 1.13) 0.93 | (0.63, 1.17) 0.80 | (0.51, 0.83) 0.67#▲ | 0.042H |
| CoM AP Range, cm | (0.46, 0.74) 0.61 | (0.49, 0.86) 0.69 | (0.55, 0.95) 0.73 | (0.42, 0.60) 0.47#▲ | <0.001H |
| Ankle AP Range, cm | (0.72, 1.24) 0.92 | (0.92, 1.51) 1.18 | (1.02, 1.65) 1.23* | (0.8, 1.05) 0.9#▲ | 0.002H |
| Hip AP Range, cm | (1.26, 2.06) 1.6 | (1.40, 2.08) 1.75 | (1.35, 2.27) 1.68 | (1.10, 1.78) 1.33#▲ | 0.040H |
| CoM Sway Area, cm2 | (0.09, 0.27) 0.17 | (0.14, 0.33) 0.22 | (0.14, 0.47) 0.21 | (0.07, 0.16) 0.105#▲ | 0.001H |
| Ankle Sway Area, cm2 | (0.41, 1.22) 0.62 | (0.56, 1.47) 0.94 | (0.54, 1.85) 0.96 | (0.32, 0.87) 0.46#▲ | 0.013H |
| Hip Sway Area, cm2 | (0.80, 1.83) 1.34 | (0.90, 2.11) 1.47 | (0.87, 2.23) 1.17 | (0.49, 1.28) 0.8 | 0.053H |
| CoM Sway Index | (0.06, 0.09) 0.08 | (0.07, 0.11) 0.09 | (0.07, 0.13) 0.09* | (0.05, 0.07) 0.06#▲ | 0.001H |
| Ankle Swing Index | (0.1, 0.17) 0.13 | (0.13, 0.19) 0.16 | (0.13, 0.23) 0.17* | (0.09, 0.14) 0.12#▲ | 0.005H |
| Hip Swing index | (0.15, 0.27) 0.21 | (0.17, 0.27) 0.21 | (0.16, 0.28) 0.21 | (0.12, 0.21) 0.17 | 0.075H |
| CoM Sway Velocity | (0.62, 0.72) 0.67 | (0.60, 0.74) 0.66 | (0.66, 0.79) 0.73*# | (0.54, 0.67) 0.59*▲ | <0.001H |
| Ankle Sway Velocity | (1.51, 1.8) 1.66 | (1.47, 1.81) 1.63 | (1.61, 1.98) 1.75# | (1.37, 1.71) 1.52▲ | 0.007H |
| Hip Sway Velocity | (1.02, 1.31) 1.11 | (0.97, 1.20) 1.06 | (0.98, 1.32) 1.17 | (1.04, 1.29) 1.14 | 0.148H |
Notes: *Indicated significant difference compared with group A (patients with diabetes), #indicated significant difference compared with group B (subclinical DPN), and ▲means significant difference compared with group C (confirmed DPN), respectively. HRepresented Kruskal–Wallis H-test.
Abbreviations: CoM, center of mass; ML, medio-lateral; AP, anterior-posterior.