Table 3.
Adjusted difference between groups (post-test—baseline).
| CON—SECT | CON—RTNC | CON—RTCT | SECT—RTNC | SECT—RTCT | RTNC—RTCT | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Mean change (95% CI) |
p | Cohen’s d | Mean change (95% CI) |
p | Cohen’s d | Mean change (95% CI) |
p | Cohen’s d | Mean change (95% CI) |
p | Cohen’s d | Mean change (95% CI) | p | Cohen’s d | Mean change (95% CI) | p | Cohen’s d |
| Cognitive function | ||||||||||||||||||
| Flanker test (inhibition) | −1.93 (−5.86, 2.00) |
0.332 | 0.49 | −1.31 (−4.81, 2.19) |
0.458 | 0.06 | −3.09 (−6.93, 0.75) |
0.113 | 0.43 | 0.62 (−3.04, 4.28) |
0.737 | 0.38 | −1.16 (−5.15, 2.83) |
0.563 | 0.03 | −1.78 (−5.34, 1.78) |
0.322 | 0.33 |
| Card sort change test (cognitive flexibility) | −2.27 (−7.54, 2.81) |
0.365 | 0.00 | 0.90 (−3.55, 5.34) |
0.688 | 0.20 | −3.04 (−7.92, 1.83) |
0.217 | 0.39 | 3.27 (−1.58, 8.11) |
0.183 | 0.17 | −0.68 (−5.92, 4.56) |
0.797 | 0.34 | −3.94 (−8.46, 0.58) |
0.086 | 0.66 |
| Picture sequence memory test (episodic memory) | −3.20 (−11.99, 5.58) |
0.470 | 0.18 | −9.87 (−17.71, −2.03) |
0.014 | 0.72 | −6.60 (−15.21, 2.02) |
0.132 | 0.35 | −6.67 (−14.92, 1.59) |
0.112 | 0.56 | −3.39 (−12.39, 5.61) |
0.456 | 0.24 | 3.28 (−4.80, 11.36) |
0.422 | 0.26 |
| On-task behavior | ||||||||||||||||||
| On-task behavior | 28.25 (0.48, 56.03) |
0.046 | 0.84 | −8.18 (−35.52, 19.16) |
0.548 | 0.24 | −45.26 (−71.50, −19.03) |
0.001 | 1.23 | −36.44 (−65.26, −7.61) |
0.015 | 1.48 | −73.51 (−101.29, −45.74) |
<0.001 | 2.52 | −37.09 (−64.42, −9.75) |
0.009 | 1.34 |
| Off-task behavior | −30.18 (−57.92, 2.44) |
0.034 | 0.84 | 8.17 (−19.13, 35.47) |
0.548 | 0.24 | 45.26 (19.05, 71.47) |
0.001 | 1.23 | 38.35 (9.57, 67.13) |
0.010 | 1.48 | 75.44 (47.71, 103.19) |
<0.001 | 2.53 | 37.09 (9.79, 64.40) |
0.009 | 1.34 |
| Muscular fitness | ||||||||||||||||||
| 90° Push up test | −3.23 (−6.65, 0.20) |
0.064 | 0.51 | 0.14 (−3.00, 3.30) |
0.931 | 0.26 | −0.37 (−3.73, 2.99) |
0.826 | 0.06 | 3.37 (0.20, 6.54) |
0.038 | 0.73 | 32.85 (−0.53, 6.24) |
0.097 | 0.39 | −0.51 (−3.61, 2.59) |
0.744 | 0.26 |
| Squat to chair test | 1.71 (−1.36, 4.79) |
0.269 | 0.46 | 1.80 (−1.04, 4.65) |
0.210 | 0.33 | 0.22 (−2.75, 3.18) |
0.884 | 0.06 | 0.09 (−2.80, 2.98) |
0.950 | 0.40 | −1.50 (−4.50, 1.51) |
0.324 | 0.37 | −1.59 (−4.36, 1.19) |
0.258 | 0.34 |
| Plank hold test | 12.12 (−10.44, 34.68) |
0.288 | 0.59 | 21.90 (1.31, 42.50) |
0.037 | 0.90 | 3.24 (−18.30, 24.78) |
0.765 | 0.11 | 0.78 (−11.37, 30.93) |
0.359 | 0.57 | −8.88 (−30.96, 13.20) |
0.359 | 0.26 | −18.66 (−38.72, 1.39) |
0.068 | 0.62 |
CON, control condition; SECT, sedentary with cognitive training; RTNC, resistance training without cognitive training; and RTCT, resistance training with cognitive training. Significant values have been marked as bold. Four outliers (three outliers in tests of cognitive flexibility, one outliers in tests of inhibition) were outside three standard deviations of the mean and were removed from the data set.