Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study population according to systemic immune-inflammation index tertiles, weighted.
| Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index | Overall | Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | p for trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 46.65 ± 0.23 | 45.64 ± 0.31 | 46.43 ± 0.24 | 47.76 ± 0.30 | <0.0001 |
| Gender, % (SE) | |||||
| Male | 49.04 (0.27) | 54.60 (0.66) | 49.37 (0.51) | 43.82 (0.57) | <0.0001 |
| Female | 50.96 (0.27) | 45.40 (0.66) | 50.63 (0.51) | 56.18 (0.57) | |
| Race, % (SE) | |||||
| Mexican American | 8.75 (0.68) | 8.84 (0.70) | 8.89 (0.72) | 8.55 (0.70) | <0.0001 |
| Other Hispanic | 5.62 (0.44) | 5.76 (0.44) | 5.75 (0.48) | 5.39 (0.49) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 67.15 (1.28) | 59.79 (1.54) | 68.68 (1.33) | 72.09 (1.21) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 10.75 (0.67) | 16.77 (1.03) | 8.91 (0.57) | 7.31 (0.52) | |
| Other Races | 7.72 (0.39) | 8.84 (0.54) | 7.78 (0.48) | 6.67 (0.40) | |
| Education level, % (SE) | |||||
| Less than high school | 16.50 (0.55) | 17.06 (0.66) | 15.97 (0.61) | 16.52 (0.64) | 0.2469 |
| High school or GED | 23.67 (0.47) | 22.65 (0.69) | 23.21 (0.62) | 25.03 (0.58) | |
| Above high school | 59.77 (0.82) | 60.23 (1.04) | 60.72 (0.88) | 58.42 (0.96) | |
| Others | 0.06 (0.01) | 0.05 (0.03) | 0.09 (0.03) | 0.03 (0.01) | |
| Smoking status, % (SE) | |||||
| Never | 54.41 (0.53) | 56.87 (0.68) | 55.93 (0.67) | 50.75 (0.78) | <0.0001 |
| Former | 23.97 (0.40) | 23.76 (0.57) | 23.19 (0.47) | 24.95 (0.60) | |
| Current | 19.76 (0.42) | 17.08 (0.56) | 19.27 (0.55) | 22.60 (0.54) | |
| Unknown | 1.85 (0.09) | 2.29 (0.17) | 1.61 (0.13) | 1.71 (0.13) | |
| Physical activity, % (SE) | |||||
| Vigorous | 38.70 (0.54) | 42.93 (0.91) | 39.77 (0.67) | 33.54 (0.72) | 0.0021 |
| Moderate | 29.64 (0.47) | 28.26 (0.77) | 29.53 (0.73) | 31.08 (0.65) | |
| Less than moderate | 31.66 (0.49) | 28.81 (0.70) | 30.70 (0.73) | 35.37 (0.64) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.90 ± 0.08 | 27.98 ± 0.10 | 28.83 ± 0.11 | 29.77 ± 0.11 | <0.0001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 122.40 ± 0.18 | 121.60 ± 0.25 | 122.17 ± 0.24 | 123.34 ± 0.23 | <0.0001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 70.70 ± 0.18 | 70.28± 0.22 | 70.99 ± 0.20 | 70.77± 0.22 | 0.0236 |
| Diabetes, % (SE) | 9.24 (0.23) | 8.12 (0.36) | 8.78 (0.30) | 10.67 (0.40) | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension, % (SE) | 30.94 (0.47) | 28.30 (0.71) | 29.58 (0.62) | 34.60 (0.68) | <0.0001 |
| NAFLD, % (SE) | 35.80 (0.36) | 35.68 (0.59) | 36.34 (0.56) | 35.36 (0.60) | 0.6321 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (uIU/ml) | 5.92 ± 0.02 | 5.82 ± 0.03 | 5.92 ± 0.03 | 6.02 ± 0.03 | <0.0001 |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/L) | 78.39 ± 0.22 | 79.21 ± 0.26 | 77.85 ± 0.31 | 78.20 ± 0.37 | 0.0349 |
| Serum uric acid (μmol/L) | 322.56 ± 0.73 | 322.29 ± 1.08 | 321.76 ± 1.12 | 323.61 ± 1.10 | 0.3535 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.00 ± 0.01 | 4.94 ± 0.02 | 5.04 ± 0.02 | 5.02 ± 0.02 | 0.0004 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.38 ± 0.01 | 1.40 ± 0.01 | 1.37 ± 0.01 | 1.38 ± 0.01 | 0.0174 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.93 ± 0.01 | 2.89 ± 0.02 | 2.99 ± 0.02 | 2.92 ± 0.02 | 0.1904 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 25.22 ± 0.13 | 25.97 ± 0.26 | 25.38 ± 0.20 | 24.41 ± 0.21 | <0.0001 |
| AST (IU/L) | 25.23 ± 0.10 | 26.45 ± 0.21 | 24.77 ± 0.13 | 24.62 ± 0.17 | <0.0001 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.71 ± 0.01 | 1.62 ± 0.02 | 1.74 ± 0.02 | 1.75 ± 0.02 | <0.0001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 98.70 ± 0.21 | 96.35 ± 0.28 | 98.68 ± 0.26 | 100.80 ± 0.26 | <0.0001 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 94.61 ± 0.31 | 96.04 ± 0.36 | 94.82 ± 0.37 | 93.14 ± 0.42 | <0.0001 |
| Albumin, urine (mg/L) | 33.83 ± 1.32 | 25.84 ± 1.50 | 29.69 ± 1.77 | 44.93 ± 3.03 | <0.0001 |
| Creatinine, urine (mg/dl) | 122.22 ± 0.83 | 124.32 ± 1.27 | 120.95 ± 1.16 | 121.64 ± 1.07 | 0.0902 |
| ACR (mg/g) | 33.38 ± 1.38 | 24.16 ± 1.55 | 28.59 ± 1.96 | 46.23 ± 3.10 | <0.0001 |
| Albuminuria, % (SE) | 9.56 (0.22) | 7.83 (0.31) | 8.49 (0.32) | 12.13 (0.42) | <0.0001 |
GED, general educational development; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; NAFLD, non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate transaminase; ACR, albumin:creatinine ratio.