Figure 5.

Effect of ZS-3 inoculation on antioxidant substances and ROS in Arabidopsis thaliana. CAT (A), POD (B), GSH (C), MDA (D), and H₂O₂ (E) were measured in Arabidopsis thaliana at 10, 12, and 14 days after inoculation with strain ZS-3 in the absence or presence of 100 mM NaCl. The results are the mean ± standard deviation of three independent experiments. Different lowercase letters on the bars represent significant differences between treatments based on one-way ANOVA (Duncan’s multiple range, p < 0.05).