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. 2022 Mar 31;10(2):e002699. doi: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2021-002699

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Exercise and trimetazidine (TMZ) effects on insulin resistance (IR) and insulin signaling. Normal diet-group (ND), high-fat diet group (HFD), HFD+exercise group (HFD+Ex), and HFD+TMZ group (HFD+TMZ). (A) Blood glucose; (B) plasma insulin; (C) HOMA-IR index; (D, E) IRS1, p-IRS1, AKT, and p-AKT protein expression were found via western blot. *,**Represented p<0.05, p<0.01 in comparison with ND group, respectively; ^#,^##represented p<0.05, p<0.01 in comparison with HFD group, respectively. GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; p-AKT, phosphorylated protein kinase B (AKT); p-IRS1, phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1).