Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the participants
| Variable | Control group (N = 100) | Intervention group (N = 88) |
|---|---|---|
| Demographic data | ||
| Age, years | 84.0 (4.8) | 84.2 (4.8) |
| Women, N (%) | 69 (69.0%) | 63 (71.6%) |
| Body mass index, kg/m 2 | 27.0 (4.3) | 27.1 (3.6) |
| Education, N (%) | ||
| <12 years | 80 (80.0%) | 67 (76.1%) |
| ≥12 years | 20 (20.0%) | 21 (23.9%) |
| Living status, N (%) | ||
| Alone | 26 (26.0) | 19 (21.6) |
| Caregivers | 12 (12.0) | 9 (10.2) |
| Family members | 60 (60.0) | 58 (65.9) |
| Others | 2 (2.0) | 2 (2.3) |
| Clinical data | ||
| MCI, N (%) | 63 (63.0) | 49 (55.7) |
| Mild dementia, N (%) | 37 (37.0) | 38 (43.2) |
| Fried criteria, N (%) | ||
| Prefrail (1–2 points) | 64 (64.0) | 57 (64.8) |
| Frail (3–5 points) | 36 (36.0) | 31 (35.2) |
| CIRS score, median (IQR) | 5.0 (5.0) | 7.0 (6.0) |
| MNA score, median (IQR) | 13.0 (3.0) | 13.0 (3.0) |
| 1RM leg press, kg | 49.4 (27.2) | 48.0 (24.1) |
| 5 m GVT, s | 7.8 (2.9) | 8.7 (5.5) |
| Primary endpoint measures | ||
| SPPB scale, score | 7.7 (2.5) | 6.8 (2.7) |
| Secondary endpoint measures | ||
| MOCA, score | 15.4 (5.2) | 15.8 (5.2) |
| MEC Lobo, score | 27.1 (4.5) | 26.4 (5.3) |
| Barthel Index, score | 91.7 (10.2) | 91.1 (9.3) |
| Handgrip, kg | 19.2 (7.7) | 19.6 (6.7) |
| Yesavage GDS, score | 3.4 (2.9) | 3.9 (2.9) |
| QoL (EQ‐VAS), score | 71.4 (18.2) | 70.6 (20.6) |
Data are mean (SD) unless otherwise stated. Significant differences were found between groups for SPPB score and CIRS score (P < 0.05).
CIRS, Cumulative Illness Rating Scale; EQ‐VAS, Visual analog scale of the EuroQol questionnaire; GVT, Gait Velocity Test; IQR, interquartile range; MNA, Mini‐Nutritional Assessment; MCI, Mild Cognitive Impairment; MEC, Minimental Cognitive Exam; MOCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; QoL, Quality of Life; SPPB, Short Physical Performance Battery; Yesavage GDS, Yesavage Geriatric Depression Scale; 1RM, one‐repetition maximum.