Table 2.
Results of study endpoints by group at 1 and 3 months post‐intervention
| Endpoints | Time | Control group | Exercise group | Between‐group difference (95% CI) | p‐value between groups |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary Endpoint: Changes in functional capacity | |||||
| SPPB scale (points) | 1 month | −0.17 (−0.54, 0.19) | 0.69 (0.29, 1.09) | 0.86 (0.32, 1.41) | 0.002 |
| 3 months | −0.33 (−0.70, 0.04) | 1.07 (0.63, 1.51) | 1.40 (0.82, 1.98) | <0.001 | |
| Secondary Endpoints: Changes in functional, cognition, muscle function, and mood status | |||||
| Barthel Index (points) | 1 month | 0.18 (−1.80, 2.14) | 1.69 (−0.51, 3.89) | 1.51 (−1.44, 4.46) | 0.319 |
| 3 months | −0.10 (−2.11, 1.99) | 0.99 (−1.40, 3.39) | 1.09 (−2.04, 4.21) | 0.499 | |
| MOCA (points) | 1 month | 0.50 (−0.42, 1.42) | 2.25 (1.08, 3.41) | 1.75 (0.27, 3.24) | 0.340 |
| 3 months | −0.13 (−1.08, 0.82) | 2.05 (0.80, 3.28) | 2.17 (0.61, 3.72) | 0.014 | |
| MEC‐Lobo (points) | 1 month | 0.64 (0.03, 1.26) | 0.75 (0.07, 1.43) | 0.10 (−0.81, 1.02) | 0.826 |
| 3 months | −0.50 (−1.13, 0.13) | 0.63 (−0.09, 1.36) | 1.13 (0.18, 2.10) | 0.023 | |
| Handgrip strength (kg) | 1 month | 0.08 (−0.54, 0.71) | 0.70 (0.00, 1.40) | 0.62 (−0.32, 1.56) | 0.200 |
| 3 months | −0.70 (−1.35, −0.05) | 0.35 (−0.42, 1.12) | 1.05 (0.05, 2.06) | 0.042 | |
| Yesavage GDS (points) | 3 months | 0.61 (0.15, 1.07) | −0.51 (−1.04, 0.02) | −1.12 (−1.82, −0.42) | 0.002 |
| QoL (EQ‐VAS) (score) | 3 months | −0.71 (−4.49, 3.08) | −0.49 (−4.93, 3.96) | 0.22 (−5.62, 6.06) | 0.942 |
Data are expressed as mean (95% CI). All data were derived from linear mixed‐effects model. For each group, data are expressed as change from baseline to 1 month and 3 months post‐intervention, determined by the time coefficients (95% CI) of the model. Between‐group differences were determined with time x group interaction. All the endpoints were adjusted by age, sex, endpoint baseline value, and SPPB baseline value. Additionally, cognitive endpoints (MOCA and MEC‐Lobo) were also adjusted by Yesavage GDS, CIRS baseline value, and years of education. A total of 137 patients (78.0% of patients in the control group and 67.0% in the intervention group) at 1 month post‐intervention and 118 patients (72.0% of patients in the control group and 52.3% in the intervention group) at 3 months post‐intervention reached their functional and muscle function endpoints. Cognitive data correspond to 137 patients (78.0% of patients in the control group and 67.0% in the intervention group) at 1 month post‐intervention and 118 patients (71.0% of patients in the control group and 53.4% in the intervention group) at 3 months post‐intervention.
CIRS, Cumulative Illness Rating Scale; EQ‐VAS, Visual Analog Scale of the EuroQol Questionnaire; MEC, Minimental Cognitive Exam; MOCA, MOCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; QoL, Quality of Life; SPPB, Short Physical Performance Battery; Yesavage GDS, Yesavage Geriatric Depression Scale.