Table 2.
The hazard of hemorrhage requiring hospitalization or emergency room visit, comparing initiation of amiodarone vs metoprolol, verapamil vs amlodipine, and diltiazem vs amlodipine, among direct oral anticoagulant users
| Comparison | Number of events | Cumulative incidence (%) | Median follow-up time, d (IQR) | Unweighted HR (95% CI) | Weighted HR∗ (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amiodarone vs metoprolol | |||||
| Amiodarone | 80 | 1.64 | 193 (398) | 0.80 (0.63–1.01) | 0.77 (0.61–0.97) |
| Metoprolol | 503 | 2.30 | 233 (534) | ||
| Verapamil vs amlodipine | |||||
| Verapamil | 32 | 2.49 | 168 (473) | 1.39 (0.97–1.99) | 1.32 (0.88–1.98) |
| Amlodipine | 406 | 1.56 | 139 (372) | ||
| Diltiazem vs amlodipine | |||||
| Diltiazem | 312 | 2.13 | 257 (641) | 1.04 (0.89–1.20) | 0.99 (0.85–1.15) |
| Amlodipine | 404 | 1.54 | 137 (376) | ||
CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; IQR, interquartile range.
Variables included in inverse probability of treatment–weighted hazards model are as follows: demographics (age, sex, income, place of residence); index year; comorbid illnesses (history of hemorrhage, hypertension, diabetes, stroke, atrial fibrillation, acute coronary syndrome, heart failure, coronary artery disease, coronary artery bypass grafting, percutaneous coronary intervention, peripheral vascular disease, venous thromboembolism); healthcare utilization (number of hospitalizations and emergency room visits in preceding 5 years); medications (beta-blocker, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, proton pump inhibitors, antiplatelet agents, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and statins in preceding 1 year); and direct oral anticoagulant type, dose (high/low), and duration.