Table 3.

Barriers and facilitators to One Health (OH) implementation and success in 23 studies included in a scoping review exploring the evaluation of OH initiatives in a context of intersectoral collaborations (i.e., involving at least two sectors among human, animal, environment).

Category of factors	Facilitators		Barriers
	Description	References	Description	References
Structural / economic	- Available/existing structures (legislation, chain of supply, easy diagnosis, network)	[36,40,41,57]	- Structures, resources, and logistical limitation (e.g., weak surveillance system, lack of staff, external support, time, long walking distance, change of staff)	[36,43,[47], [48], [49],56,57]
	- Low cost of intervention / affordable	[38,41,50]	- Border control not sufficient	[40]
			- Economic challenges (cost and respect budget allocation)	[49]
			- Decentralization of government services for animal health work	[50]
Social	- Socially and culturally appropriate	[37,46,50]	- Lack of communication to community	[37]
	- Strong community support and participation, involvement of specific key actors	[37,38,43,44,46,47,53]	- Low community participation (e.g., affected by historical and current community dynamic or not feeling concerned)	[43,56]
	- Strong community organization/leadership	[43]	- Cultural barrier (from community to pursue traditional practices or lack of integration of cultural practices from experts)	[46]
	- Engagement with community in a reciprocal learning process	[46]
Political	- Health perceived as a priority which ensure political engagement / sense of urgency	[36,50]	- Sustainability of activities related to stakeholders (e.g., priorities changes or low risk perception or not enough practice of activities which leads to forgetting procedures)	[37,39,44,48]
Communication / coordination	- Collaboration and communication between stakeholders	[41,47,57]	- Lack of coordination or communication among stakeholders	[49,56,57]
			- Top-down management	[56]
Methodological	- Continually review and revise protocols	[46]
	- Use of innovative and accessible method	[42,48,49]
Paradigm / ontology	- Recognition and awareness of OH evidence	[37,40,56]	- No OH thinking	[40,52]
Gap of awareness, education / training			- Gap of awareness, education, and training regarding zoonotic disease threat, requirements, and law	[57]
			- Lack of training to appropriately implement activities (e.g., sample collection)	[37]