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. 2022 Mar 30;16:11782218221086653. doi: 10.1177/11782218221086653

Table 2.

Description of the studies included in the meta-analysis.

No. Authors Geographical location Participant Sample size Research Method Definition Collection method Gender Mean age Urban/Rural Passive smoking percentage Exposure Place/Source
Male Female Urban Rural
1 GATS 12 All 63 provinces of Vietnam ⩾15 year old 6972 Nationally representative survey Exposure to SHS during previous 30 days in workplace A two-stage random systematic sampling 3326 (47.7%) 2085 (29.9%) Data was shown by category. Mean age not described. 34.7% 38.7% 36.80% At workplace
2 GATS 13 All 63 provinces of Vietnam ⩾15 year old 7563 Nationally representative survey SHS at work is defined as the percentage of indoor workers age 15 and over who had been exposed to tobacco smoke at work in the past 30 days. A two-stage random systematic sampling 4750 (62.8%) 3123 (41.3%) Data was shown by category. Mean age not described. 45.1% 52.6% 49% At workplace
3 Chau Quy Ngo 14 Obstetrics Department of Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam Pregnant women 432 Cross-sectional study Whether they were exposed to SHS in the last 30 days Convenience sampling 0 432 (100%) Not described. 372 (86.1%) 60 (13.9%) 64.50% Cafeterias and restaurants, workplace, home, and state authority offices
4 Nguyen N. Rang 15 The Women’s and Children’s Hospital of An Giang, Vietnam Pregnant women 576 Case-control study Pregnant women who did not smoke but were exposed to husband or family members who smoked on a daily basis of more than 5 cigarettes a day at home. Not described 0 576 (100%) Not described. 419 (72.7%) 157 (27.3%) 341 (59.2%) At home
5 Motoi Suzuki 16 Khanh Hoa Province, central Vietnam >20 year old 167298 Cross-sectional study SHS exposure at home was defined as living with one or more indoor smokers. Not described 101 382 (60.6%) 65 916 (51.7%) Data was shown by category. Mean age not described. Not described Not described 83763 (50.1%) At home
6 Vu H. A. Dien 18 National Hospital of Odonto-Stomatology in HCM City and Tu Du Hospital in HCM City Pregnant women 340 Case-control study Duration of passive cigarette smoking exposure was categorized using a cutoff of 15 min per day Convenience sampling 0 340 (100%) Not described. Not described Not described 86 (25.3%) None
7 Anh Kim Dang 17 Hanoi Customer 1740 Cross-sectional study “Being exposed to tobacco smoke in restaurants” was used to define customers who passively smoked in restaurants in the last 30 days. A 2-stage random systematic sampling 663 (38.1%) 1077 (61.9%) 34.6 ± 12.9 Not described Not described 90.90% Restaurants