Lal 2018.

Study characteristics
Methods	Study design: prospective, open‐label, randomised, single‐centre study Study duration: November 2014 to March 2016
Participants	Inclusion criteria Setting: inpatient, single‐centre study Country: India Number: total 72; treatment group (36), control (36) Age (mean (SD)) Treatment group: 4.0 (2.6) months Control group: 4.7 (3.1) months Sex (m/f) Treatment group: 26/10 Control group: 28/8 Comorbidities: none Study enrolment criteria: 72 children hospitalised with clinical diagnosis of acute bronchiolitis were eligible for inclusion in the study. Bronchiolitis was defined as respiratory distress (respiratory rate ≥ 50/min) in an infant aged from 1 month to 1 year, along with wheezing on auscultation and hyperinflated lung. Exclusion criteria: infants who were in imminent need of ventilator support were excluded.
Interventions	Treatment group Intervention: bubble CPAP delivered in the children's ward with a Gregory circuit Duration, frequency: for 1 hour, once only Control group Intervention: "standard care", which included maintenance of adequate hydration and oxygenation. Oxygen was delivered through mask or hood. Duration, frequency: for 1 hour, once only
Outcomes	Primary outcomes: change in respiratory rate after the first hour of treatment Secondary outcomes: change in Silverman‐Anderson score, and a Modified Paediatric Society of New Zealand Severity Score (MPSNZ‐SS): before starting treatment, and at 1 hour following the start of treatment Need for mechanical ventilation was reported. Time to recovery was not reported.
Notes	Funding source: no funding received Contact with study authors for additional information: yes. However, no additional information was provided. Other: conflict of interest stated as none.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Randomisation in blocks of 8 using computer software
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	Allocation done using sequentially numbered, opaque, sealed envelopes.
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	Open‐label study
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	High risk	Outcome assessors were not blinded to the intervention.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	1 child in the control arm (who needed mechanical ventilation) and 4 children in the intervention arm (2 who needed mechanical ventilation and 2 who did not tolerate CPAP) did not complete the study. Intention‐to‐treat analysis conducted.
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	All outcomes mentioned in study were reported.
Other bias	Low risk	Funding: declared by authors as none Competing interests: declared by authors as none