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. 2022 Mar 21;13:839424. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.839424

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Copyright © 2022 Hollingsworth, Wang, White, Simpson and Jablonski.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The proinflammatory cytokine TNFα and one of its cognate pathways, the NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome, are substantially upregulated and activated in the BXD32 mouse retina. Using immunolabeling for NF-κB p65 (red), NLRP3 (green), and TNFα (blue), the BXD32 mouse retina displays upregulated levels of all three proteins examined beginning as early as p63 (A) and continuing through p105 (B) and p168 (C), indicating a chronic proinflammatory retinal environment. Nuclei stained with DAPI (white/grey). RPE, retinal pigment epithelium; ROS/IS, rod outer segments/inner segments; ONL, outer nuclear layer; OPL, outer plexiform layer; INL, inner nuclear layer; IPL, inner plexiform layer; GCL, ganglion cell layer. Scale bars = 20 μm.