Table 1.
Genes that contribute to cardiomyocyte proliferation and growth during trabeculation and compaction
| Role | Gene | Full gene name | Stage of impact | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Endocardial-myocardial interactions | Adam17 | TACE | Compaction | (21) |
| Bmp10 | Bone morphogenetic protein 10 | Trabeculation | (27) | |
| Ejnb2 | EphrinB2 | Trabeculation | (11) | |
| Erbb2 | ErbB2 | Trabeculation | (12-15) | |
| Erbb4 | ErbB4 | Trabeculation | (12-15) | |
| Fkbp1a | FK506-binding protein 1a | Compaction | (18, 19) | |
| Hhex | Hematopoietically expressed homeobox | Compaction | (42) | |
| Jag1 | Jagged 1 | Compaction | (20) | |
| Mib1 | mindbomb homolog 1 | Compaction | (20) | |
| Myocd | Myocardin | Trabeculation | (24) | |
| Nf1 | Neurofibromatosis 1 | Compaction | (33, 34) | |
| Notch1 | Notch 1 | Trabeculation Compaction | (11, 20) | |
| Notch2 | Notch 2 | Trabeculation | (22, 23) | |
| Nrg1 | Neuregulin 1 | Trabeculation | (12-15) | |
| Numb | Numb gene homolog (Drosophila) | Compaction | (22) | |
| Numbl | Numb-like | Compaction | (22) | |
| Rbpj | Recombination signal binding protein for immunoglobulin κJ region | Trabeculation | (11) | |
| Tek | Endothelial-specific receptor tyrosine kinase | Trabeculation | (37) | |
| Tbx20 | T-box | Trabeculation | (32) | |
| Vegfa | Vascular endothelial growth factor A | Trabeculation Compaction | (39, 40, 41) | |
| Epicardial-myocardial interactions | Epo | Erythropoietin | Compaction | (53, 56) |
| Epor | Erythropoietin receptor | Compaction | (56) | |
| Fgf16 | Fibroblast growth factor 16 | Trabeculation Compaction | (58-60) | |
| Fgf20 | Fibroblast growth factor 20 | Compaction | (58, 61) | |
| Fgf9 | Fibroblast growth factor 9 | Compaction | (58) | |
| Igf2 | Insulin-like growth factor 2 | Compaction | (57) | |
| Rxrα | Retinoid X receptor α | Compaction | (48, 49, 51, 54) | |
| Vcam1 | Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 | Compaction | (46) | |
| Extracellular matrix-myocardial interactions | Adamts1 | A disintegrin-like and metallopeptidase (reprolysin type) with thrombospondin type 1 motif, 1 | Compaction | (67) |
| Fbln1 | Fibulin-1 | Compaction | (66) | |
| Has1 | Hyaluronic acid synthase 1 | Trabeculation | (65) | |
| Itgb1 | Integrin β1 | Compaction | (69) | |
| Ptk2 | PTK2 protein tyrosine kinase 2; also known as Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) | Compaction | (71) | |
| Vcan | Versican | Trabeculation | (63, 66) | |
| Intracardiomyocyte interactions | Adm | Adrenomedullin | Compaction | (87, 88) |
| Calcrl | Calcitonin receptor-like | Compaction | (87, 88) | |
| Calr | Calreticulin | Compaction | (86) | |
| Daam1 | Dishevelled-associated activator of morphogenesis 1 | Compaction | (85) | |
| Foxp1 | Forkhead box P1 | Compaction | (83) | |
| Nkx2-5 | NK2 homeobox 5 | Trabeculation | (26) | |
| Taz | Tafazzin | Compaction | (121-123) | |
| Yap1 | Yes-associated protein 1 | Trabeculation | (73) | |
| Ywhae | Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, ε polypeptide; also known as 14-3-3ε | Compaction | (82) | |
| Zfpm2 | Zinc finger protein, multitype 2; also known as Friend of GATA 2 (FOG2) | Compaction | (77) | |
| Epigenetic interactions | Jarid2 | Jumonji, AT-rich interactive domain 2 | Compaction | (135-137) |
| Smarca4 | SWI/SNF-related, matrix-associated, actin-dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily a, member 4; also known as Brg1 | Trabeculation | (67) | |
| Human LVNC genes | ACTC1 | Actin, α, cardiac muscle 1 | Myofibrillogenesis | (99, 113) |
| ACTN2 | Actinin α2 | Myofibrillogenesis | (117) | |
| CASZ1 | Castor zinc finger 1 | Myofibrillogenesis | (117) | |
| DTNA | Dystrobrevin α | Costamere assembly | (121) | |
| HCN4 | Hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide-gated K+ 4 | Conduction system | (124, 125) | |
| LDB3 | LIM domain binding 3; also known as Cypher and ZASP | Myofibrillogenesis | (119, 120) | |
| LMNA | Lamin A | Nuclear membrane | (130) | |
| MYBPC3 | Myosin-binding protein C, cardiac | Myofibrillogenesis | (100, 108-111) | |
| MYH7 | Myosin, heavy polypeptide 7, cardiac muscle, β | Myofibrillogenesis | (97-105 | |
| TNNT2 | Troponin T2, cardiac | Myofibrillogenesis | (99, 114) | |
| TPM1 | Tropomyosin 1, α | Myofibrillogenesis | (108) |