Table 1.

Median urinary glyphosate and AMPA concentrations, averaged for two samples collected between 2017 and 2019 from 392 postmenopausal California women, stratified by cohort characteristics.

	$n$ (%)	Glyphosate			AMPA
		ng/mL median (IQR)	$\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{g}$ creatinine median (IQR)	$p$-Value	ng/mL median (IQR)	$\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{g}$ creatinine median (IQR)	$p$-Value
Overall	392	0.12 (0.06, 0.22)	0.20 (0.11, 0.38)	NA	0.06 (0.02, 0.12)	0.10 (0.04, 0.22)	NA
Race/ethnicity
Asian	43 (11.1)	0.11 (0.07, 0.23)	0.19 (0.09, 0.34)	0.30	0.08 (0.02, 0.14)	0.13 (0.03, 0.24)	0.50
Hispanic	69 (17.9)	0.12 (0.07, 0.21)	0.20 (0.11, 0.37)	0.90	0.06 (0.02, 0.11)	0.08 (0.04, 0.17)	0.41
Other	20 (5.2)	0.07 (0.04, 0.13)	0.11 (0.06, 0.24)	0.004	0.02 (0.01, 0.05)	0.04 (0.02, 0.07)	0.005
White	254 (65.8)	0.12 (0.06, 0.24)	0.21 (0.12, 0.42)	Ref	0.05 (0.02, 0.12)	0.10 (0.04, 0.22)	Ref
Missing	6	—	—	—	—	—	—
Age (y)
45–49	27 (6.9)	0.18 (0.09, 0.24)	0.23 (0.11, 0.33)	0.72	0.11 (0.05, 0.19)	0.12 (0.05, 0.29)	0.12
50–54	85 (21.7)	0.14 (0.06, 0.19)	0.18 (0.12, 0.33)		0.07 (0.02, 0.11)	0.09 (0.04, 0.17)
55–59	155 (39.5)	0.11 (0.06, 0.21)	0.18 (0.10, 0.33)		0.05 (0.02, 0.12)	0.08 (0.03, 0.22)
60–66	125 (31.9)	0.11 (0.06, 0.29)	0.23 (0.11, 0.56)		0.05 (0.01, 0.12)	0.10 (0.04, 0.22)
Missing	0	—	—	—	—	—	—
BMI (${\mathrm{kg}/\mathrm{m}}^2$)
$<25$	188 (48.0)	0.12 (0.06, 0.24)	0.21 (0.10, 0.44)	0.78	0.06 (0.02, 0.12)	0.10 (0.04, 0.21)	0.63
25–29.9	116 (29.6)	0.12 (0.06, 0.22)	0.20 (0.12, 0.33)		0.05 (0.02, 0.12)	0.09 (0.04, 0.20)
$\ge 30$	88 (22.4)	0.13 (0.07, 0.19)	0.19 (0.12, 0.31)		0.06 (0.01, 0.13)	0.09 (0.04, 0.22)
Missing	0	—	—	—	—	—	—
Smoking status
Never	285 (72.9)	0.12 (0.06, 0.22)	0.22 (0.11, 0.38)	Ref	0.06 (0.02, 0.13)	0.11 (0.04, 0.22)	Ref
Former	89 (22.8)	0.10 (0.05, 0.22)	0.17 (0.10, 0.38)	0.52	0.04 (0.01, 0.09)	0.07 (0.03, 0.15)	0.04
Current	17 (4.3)	0.11 (0.05, 0.21)	0.17 (0.09, 0.33)	0.60	0.05 (0.02, 0.14)	0.09 (0.03, 0.26)	0.59
Missing	1	—	—	—	—	—	—
Alcohol (drinks/wk)
None	107 (27.4)	0.12 (0.06, 0.22)	0.22 (0.11, 0.48)	Ref	0.05 (0.02, 0.11)	0.08 (0.04, 0.22)	Ref
1 or fewer	161 (41.2)	0.12 (0.05, 0.24)	0.19 (0.09, 0.37)	0.14	0.06 (0.01, 0.12)	0.08 (0.03, 0.18)	0.49
2–6	72 (18.4)	0.14 (0.07, 0.19)	0.23 (0.14, 0.41)	0.92	0.06 (0.03, 0.12)	0.13 (0.04, 0.24)	0.64
7 or more	51 (13.0)	0.10 (0.05, 0.21)	0.16 (0.12, 0.25)	0.17	0.07 (0.03, 0.15)	0.12 (0.06, 0.21)	0.16
Missing	1	—	—	—	—	—	—
Organic eating
Seldom/Never	124 (31.7)	0.14 (0.07, 0.23)	0.21 (0.13, 0.38)	Ref	0.07 (0.03, 0.13)	0.12 (0.05, 0.23)	Ref
Sometimes	114 (29.2)	0.12 (0.05, 0.24)	0.19 (0.11, 0.38)	0.47	0.06 (0.02, 0.13)	0.10 (0.04, 0.25)	0.44
Often/Always	153 (39.1)	0.10 (0.06, 0.20)	0.19 (0.09, 0.38)	0.05	0.04 (0.01, 0.11)	0.07 (0.03, 0.18)	0.01
Missing	1	—	—	—	—	—	—
HEI
Quartile 1	93 (25.1)	0.13 (0.07, 0.22)	0.22 (0.13, 0.37)	0.99	0.07 (0.02, 0.12)	0.12 (0.05, 0.22)	0.03
Quartile 2	93 (25.1)	0.10 (0.05, 0.19)	0.19 (0.09, 0.35)		0.07 (0.02, 0.13)	0.13 (0.04, 0.26)
Quartile 3	92 (24.8)	0.11 (0.06, 0.22)	0.17 (0.10, 0.41)		0.05 (0.02, 0.12)	0.08 (0.04, 0.16)
Quartile 4	93 (25.1)	0.12 (0.06, 0.25)	0.24 (0.11, 0.54)		0.04 ($<\text{LOD}$, 0.12)	0.06 (0.03, 0.21)
Missing	21	—	—	—	—	—	—
Physical activity
$\ge 150$ min/wk	153 (40.7)	0.10 (0.05, 0.24)	0.19 (0.09, 0.38)	0.03	0.05 (0.01, 0.11)	0.08 (0.04, 0.19)	0.08
$<150$ min/wk	223 (59.3)	0.13 (0.07, 0.22)	0.22 (0.12, 0.41)		0.06 (0.02, 0.13)	0.11 (0.04, 0.23)
Missing	16	—	—	—	—	—	—
Herbicide use (past week)
Yes	21 (8.5)	0.14 (0.08, 0.20)	0.22 (0.11, 0.44)	0.61	0.04 ($<\text{LOD}$, 0.11)	0.11 (0.04, 0.16)	0.39
No	227 (91.5)	0.12 (0.06, 0.24)	0.21 (0.11, 0.38)		0.06 (0.02, 0.12)	0.10 (0.03, 0.20)
Missing	144	—	—	—	—	—	—

Note: $p$-Values are from linear regression with the natural logarithm of glyphosate or AMPA as outcome, adjusted for urinary creatinine. LOD: $0.014\text{\hspace{0.17em}ng}/\mathrm{mL}$ for glyphosate and $0.013\text{\hspace{0.17em}ng}/\mathrm{mL}$ for AMPA. Values of glyphosate or AMPA $<\text{LOD}$ were substituted with $\text{LOD}/\surd 2$. Age, BMI, and HEI were evaluated as continuous variables; results were comparable when evaluated as categorical variables. —, no data; AMPA, aminomethylphosphonic acid; BMI, body mass index; HEI, Healthy Eating Index; LOD, limit of detection; min, minutes; NA, not applicable; Ref, reference.