Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of 915 preterm infants.
| Non-IVH | I-II IVH | III-IV IVH | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 523) | (n = 325) | (n = 67) | ||
| Neonatal characteristics | ||||
| Gestational age, | 28.9 (1.3) | 28.9 (1.4) | 28.1 (2.0)*** | 0.000 |
| weeks, median (IQR) | ||||
| Birth weight, [g, median (IQR)] | 1175 (310) | 1180 (295) | 1100 (450) | 0.351 |
| Male, n (%) | 303 (57.9) | 197 (60.6) | 47 (70.1) | 0.147 |
| SGA, n (%) | 22 (4.2) | 11 (3.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0.220 |
| 5 min Apgar <4, n (%) | 35 (6.7) | 25 (7.7) | 9 (13.4) | 0.143 |
| Cesarean section births, n (%) | 315 (60.2) | 149 (45.8)*** | 28 (41.8)** | 0.000 |
| Twin/Multiple births, n (%) | 148 (28.3) | 97 (29.8) | 25 (37.3) | 0.309 |
| Maternal characteristics | ||||
| Pregnancy hypertension, n (%) | 90 (17.2) | 48 (14.8) | 4 (6.0) | 0.051 |
| Maternal age ≥35 years, n (%) | 106 (20.3) | 58 (17.8) | 13 (19.4) | 0.686 |
| Abnormal amniotic fluid, n (%) | 76 (14.5) | 35 (10.8) | 7 (10.4) | 0.233 |
| Fetal distress, n (%) | 92 (17.6) | 61 (18.8) | 13 (19.4) | 0.876 |
| Placental abruption, n (%) | 44 (8.4) | 27 (8.3) | 2 (3.0) | 0.293 |
| Gestational diabetes, n (%) | 42 (8.0) | 19 (5.8) | 2 (3.0) | 0.211 |
| Premature rupture of | 104 (19.9) | 84 (25.8) | 21 (31.3) | 0.030 |
| membranes, n (%) | ||||
| Medical treatment | ||||
| Mechanical ventilation | 77 (14.7) | 83 (25.5)*** | 32 (47.8)*** | 0.000 |
| >7 days, n (%) | ||||
| EPO treatment, n (%) | 225 (43.0) | 155 (47.7) | 20 (29.9) | 0.024 |
| Neonatal complications | ||||
| RDS, n (%) | 482 (92.2) | 306 (94.2) | 64 (95.5) | 0.388 |
| Sepsis, n (%) | 131 (25.0) | 109 (33.5)** | 29 (43.3)** | 0.001 |
| Severe anemia, n (%) | 286 (54.7) | 196 (60.3) | 47 (70.1)* | 0.029 |
| NEC, n (%) | 21 (4.0) | 27 (8.3)** | 2 (3.0) | 0.018 |
| BPD, n (%) | 163 (31.2) | 151 (46.5)*** | 38 (56.7)*** | 0.000 |
| Severe ROP, n (%) | 8 (1.5) | 14 (4.3)* | 6 (9.0)** | 0.001 |
| PVL, n (%) | 7 (1.3) | 18 (5.5)*** | 14 (20.9)*** | 0.000 |
IQR, interquartile range; SGA, small for gestational age; RDS, respiratory distress syndrome; NEC, necrotizing enterocolitis; ROP, retinopathy of prematurity; BPD, bronchopulmonary dysplasia; PVL, periventricular leukomalacia. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.