Fig. 7. Results show the antibacterial activity of Ag/Sn–SnO₂ composite NPs (AS); Sn/SnO₂ NPs (S) alone and AgNPs (A) alone in E. coli bacterium obtained by Luria broth technique; comparative antibacterial activity results calculated from the zone of inhibition study for Ag NPs, Sn/SnO₂ NPs and for the Ag–Sn/SnO₂ composite NPs in different strains. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.