Comparison of the proposed work with other reported works to remove various contaminants from wastewater.
| Materials | Method adopted to design membrane | Mechanical strength (MPa) | Average pore size (nm) | Permeability (L h−1 m−2 bar−1) | Filtration efficiency (%) | Reusability | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ultrathin graphene | Vacuum filtration | — | 1–2 | 21.8 | >99 | No | 34 |
| Graphene oxide nanosheets | Layer-by-layer deposition | 0.3 | 10–30 | 276 | 93–95 | No | 15 |
| Functionalized graphene oxide | Pressurized self-assembled technique | 0.25–1.5 | — | 2.8–9.1 | 48.2–91.3 | No | 52 |
| PVP-modified MWCNTs | Phase inversion precipitation method | 1.5 | — | 270 | 48.2–91.3 | No | 53 |
| Graphene–nanomesh/carbon–nanotube hybrid | CVD | 2–4 | 0.55–1.41 | 37.2 | 96.4–98.7 | No | 40 |
| MoS2 | Vacuum filtration | 1.0 | 45 | 245 | 88.1–92.3 | No | 16 |
| WS2 | Vacuum filtration | 0.3–0.4 | 2–4 | 331–747 | 41–99 | No | 17 |
| Metal (Cr)–organic (MeOH) frameworks | Hand-cast on cross-linked PI P84 supports through interfacial polymerization | 0.6 | 3.4 | 1.5–11.1 | 90 | No | 58 |
| FMWCNTs | Vacuum filtration | 6 | 1.7–27.4 | 225 | >99 | Yes | This work |