Table 1.
Demographic, clinical characteristics and baseline laboratory parameters of patients involved in the case-control study.
| Characteristic | Cases# | Controls | p-value* | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 27 | N = 53 | N = 80 | ||
| Age, years | ||||
| Median (IQR) | 72 (67, 77) | 60 (52, 74) | 0.008 | 65 (55, 75) |
| Gender, n(%) | ||||
| Female | 4 (14.8%) | 15 (28.3%) | 0.183 | 19 (23.8%) |
| Ethnicity, n(%) | ||||
| Caucasian | 27 (100.0%) | 50 (94.3%) | 0.457 | 77 (96.3%) |
| Black | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (3.8%) | 2 (2.5%) | |
| Asian | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.9%) | 1 (1.3%) | |
| Ispanic | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| BMI | ||||
| Median (IQR) | 25.8 (24.6, 27.6) | 29.0 (25.6, 33.6) | 27.7 (25.1, 31.3) | |
| Comorbidities, n(%) | ||||
| >=1 | 23 (85.2%) | 37 (69.8%) | 0.136 | 60 (75.0%) |
| Obesity | 2 (12.5%) | 18 (37.5%) | 0.064 | 20 (31.3%) |
| Ischemic cardiomyopathy | 14 (51.9%) | 27 (50.9%) | 0.939 | 41 (51.3%) |
| COPD | 8 (29.6%) | 18 (34.0%) | 0.697 | 26 (32.5%) |
| Connective tissue disease | 8 (29.6%) | 15 (28.3%) | 0.902 | 23 (28.8%) |
| Cerebro-vascular disease | 8 (29.6%) | 14 (26.4%) | 0.762 | 22 (27.5%) |
| Mild Liver disease | 1 (6.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.128 | 1 (1.9%) |
| Diabetes | 13 (48.1%) | 25 (47.2%) | 0.934 | 38 (47.5%) |
| Chronic kidney failure | 10 (37.0%) | 14 (26.4%) | 0.330 | 24 (30.0%) |
| Solid tumour | 10 (37.0%) | 18 (34.0%) | 0.786 | 28 (35.0%) |
| Liver failure | 6 (22.2%) | 12 (22.6%) | 0.966 | 18 (22.5%) |
| Hematologic disease | 1 (6.3%) | 2 (5.4%) | 0.904 | 3 (5.7%) |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 1 (6.3%) | 3 (8.1%) | 0.816 | 4 (7.5%) |
| Dementia | 6 (22.2%) | 12 (22.6%) | 0.966 | 18 (22.5%) |
| Arterial hypertension | 15 (68.2%) | 27 (64.3%) | 0.757 | 42 (65.6%) |
| Chronic heart failure | 4 (25.0%) | 5 (13.5%) | 0.311 | 9 (17.0%) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 5 (31.3%) | 11 (29.7%) | 0.913 | 16 (30.2%) |
| CCI, mean (SD) | 6.3 (4.8) | 5.4 (4.7) | 0.363 | 5.7 (4.7) |
| Main delays | ||||
| Days from symptoms onset to hospitalisation, median (IQR) | 7 (5, 8) | 7 (4, 9) | 0.845 | 7 (4, 9) |
| Days from symptoms onset to ICU, median (IQR) | 10 (6, 12) | 10 (8, 14) | 10 (7, 12) | |
| Days from hospitalisation to ICU, median (IQR) | 2 (0, 3) | 2 (0, 5) | 2 (0, 4) | |
| Baseline laboratory parameters | ||||
| Leukocytes, /mm3, Median (IQR) | 6,840 (5,050; 12,420) | 5,840 (5,140; 8,340) | 0.234 | 6,305 (5,095; 8,435) |
| % neutrophils, Median (IQR) | 89.2 (77.3, 91.7) | 74.6 (60.2, 83.0) | <0.001 | 77.6 (65.5, 86.6) |
| Lymphocytes, Median (IQR) | 930.0 (680.0; 2,028) | 1,891 (1,050; 2,390) | 0.045 | 1,661 (870.0; 2,347) |
| Platelets, 103/mm3, Median (IQR) | 181.0 (130.0, 283.0) | 205.0 (181.0, 248.0) | 0.281 | 199.0 (161.5, 254.5) |
| Alanine amino-transferase (ALT), U/L, Median (IQR) | 45.0 (24.0, 62.0) | 29.0 (21.0, 39.0) | 0.036 | 33.0 (22.0, 57.5) |
| INR, Median (IQR) | 1.2 (1.1, 1.2) | 1.1 (1.0, 1.1) | 0.007 | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) |
| Creatinine, mg/dl, Median (IQR) | 1.1 (0.5, 1.5) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.1) | 0.136 | 0.9 (0.8, 1.1) |
| eGFR, ml/min, Median (IQR) | 74.2 (46.3, 91.3) | 89.2 (74.5, 99.7) | 0.014 | 86.1 (63.6, 98.3) |
| 60+, ml/min, n(%) | 17 (63) | 46 (86.8) | 0.044 | 63 (78.8) |
| 31-60, ml/min, n(%) | 6 (22.2) | 5 (9.4) | 11 (13.8) | |
| 0-30, ml/min, n(%) | 4 (14.8) | 2 (3.8) | 6 (7.5) | |
| C-reactive protein, mg/l, Median (IQR) | 15.0 (6.0, 22.0) | 12.0 (5.0, 17.0) | 0.085 | 14.0 (5.5, 19.5) |
| IL-6, pg/ml, Mean (Range) | 781.2 (6,920 – 5,785) | 535.1 (4,140 – 11,863) | 0.11 | 617.2 (4,140 – 11,858) |
| Procalcitonin, ng/ml, Median (IQR) | 0.3 (0.2, 1.5) | 0.1 (0.1, 0.3) | 0.004 | 0.2 (0.1, 0.4) |
| D-dimer, ng/ml, Median (IQR) | 2,165 (960.0; 4,110) | 1,040 (650.0; 1,630) | 0.001 | 1,170 (700.0; 2,120) |
| 0-500 ng/ml, n(%) | 1 (3.8) | 7 (13.2) | 0.007 | 8 (10.1) |
| 501-4000 ng/ml, n(%) | 18 (69.2) | 44 (83.0) | 62 (78.5) | |
| >4000 ng/ml, n(%) | 7 (26.9) | 2 (3.8) | 9 (11.4) | |
| Haemoglobin, g/l | 12.3 (11.2, 14.5) | 13.0 (11.6, 14.1) | 0.586 | 12.9 (11.5, 14.1) |
| Lactate dehydrogenase, U/l | 762.0 (547.0; 1,022) | 603.0 (508.0, 749.0) | 0.044 | 633.5 (515.5, 825.5) |
*Chi-square or Mann-Whitney test as appropriate. #Mechanical ventilation or death.