Figure 4.

Fructose promote crucian carp survival by modulating immune response. (A) Percent survival of crucian carp challenged with A. hydrophila in the presence or absence of the indicated dose of fructose. (B) qRT-PCR for cytokine expression of crucian carp treated with saline or fructose (100 μg) for 3 days. (C) qRT-PCR for cytokine genes of crucian carp treated with saline or fructose (100 μg) for 3 days followed by infection with a non-lethal dose of A. hydrophila. Values are means ± SEM from six biological replicates and significance was analyzed by the Mann–Whitney U-test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.