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. 2022 Apr 30;12:05003. doi: 10.7189/jogh.12.05003

Table 2.

Study characteristics

Study characteristics No. %
Study designs:
Cross-sectional
52
85.2
Longitudinal
9
14.8
Fields of publication:
Ecology
2
3.3
Economics
1
1.6
Public/global health
36
59.0
Medical
12
19.7
Nutrition and physical activity
6
9.8
Psychology
2
3.3
Sustainability
1
1.6
Transportation
1
1.6
Regions of study locations:
Oceania
3
4.9
Europe
27
44.3
North America
13
21.3
Asia
13
21.3
Africa
1
1.6
Multiple
4
6.6
Study settings:
General/not specified
46
75.4
Urban only
9
14.8
Urban and suburban
2
3.3
Urban and rural
4
6.6
Gender:
Both male and female
60
98.4
Female only
1
1.6
Populations:
Children/adolescents/youth (under 18)
8
13.1
Adults (18+)
43
70.5
Older adults (65+)
2
3.3
Children and adults
1
1.6
Not applicable
7
11.5
Specific groups:*
Adults with specific conditions
10
16.4
Children with specific conditions
1
1.6
Older adults with specific conditions
1
1.6
Sample sizes:†:
<400
18
29.5
400-4999
35
57.4
5000+
8
13.1
Physical activity outcome measures:
Subjective measures
45
73.8
Objective measures
13
21.3
Both subjective and objective measures
3
4.9
Physical activity outcome domains:
Walking and/or biking
13
8.1
Physical activity
92
57.5
Mobility
17
10.6
Sedentary behavior
37
23.1
Total energy expenditure 1 0.6

*Specific groups of population include adults with chronic conditions, with chronic coronary syndromes, of pregnant women, of eating disorder group, and of runners and cyclists; children with congenital heart disease (CHD); older patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD), with type 2 diabetes, subscribers of Leave No Trace (LNT) center for outdoor ethics, a non-profit organization.

†Sample sizse range from 24-4742 000 in the included 61 studies. 18 studies [20-37] with sample sizes lower than 400 and 8 studies [13,38-44] with sample sizes greater than 5000.