Table 2.
Study characteristics | No. | % |
---|---|---|
Study designs:
| ||
Cross-sectional |
52 |
85.2 |
Longitudinal |
9 |
14.8 |
Fields of publication:
| ||
Ecology |
2 |
3.3 |
Economics |
1 |
1.6 |
Public/global health |
36 |
59.0 |
Medical |
12 |
19.7 |
Nutrition and physical activity |
6 |
9.8 |
Psychology |
2 |
3.3 |
Sustainability |
1 |
1.6 |
Transportation |
1 |
1.6 |
Regions of study locations:
| ||
Oceania |
3 |
4.9 |
Europe |
27 |
44.3 |
North America |
13 |
21.3 |
Asia |
13 |
21.3 |
Africa |
1 |
1.6 |
Multiple |
4 |
6.6 |
Study settings:
| ||
General/not specified |
46 |
75.4 |
Urban only |
9 |
14.8 |
Urban and suburban |
2 |
3.3 |
Urban and rural |
4 |
6.6 |
Gender:
| ||
Both male and female |
60 |
98.4 |
Female only |
1 |
1.6 |
Populations:
| ||
Children/adolescents/youth (under 18) |
8 |
13.1 |
Adults (18+) |
43 |
70.5 |
Older adults (65+) |
2 |
3.3 |
Children and adults |
1 |
1.6 |
Not applicable |
7 |
11.5 |
Specific groups:*
| ||
Adults with specific conditions |
10 |
16.4 |
Children with specific conditions |
1 |
1.6 |
Older adults with specific conditions |
1 |
1.6 |
Sample sizes:†: | ||
<400 |
18 |
29.5 |
400-4999 |
35 |
57.4 |
5000+ |
8 |
13.1 |
Physical activity outcome measures:
| ||
Subjective measures |
45 |
73.8 |
Objective measures |
13 |
21.3 |
Both subjective and objective measures |
3 |
4.9 |
Physical activity outcome domains:
| ||
Walking and/or biking |
13 |
8.1 |
Physical activity |
92 |
57.5 |
Mobility |
17 |
10.6 |
Sedentary behavior |
37 |
23.1 |
Total energy expenditure | 1 | 0.6 |
*Specific groups of population include adults with chronic conditions, with chronic coronary syndromes, of pregnant women, of eating disorder group, and of runners and cyclists; children with congenital heart disease (CHD); older patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD), with type 2 diabetes, subscribers of Leave No Trace (LNT) center for outdoor ethics, a non-profit organization.
†Sample sizse range from 24-4742 000 in the included 61 studies. 18 studies [20-37] with sample sizes lower than 400 and 8 studies [13,38-44] with sample sizes greater than 5000.