Table 6.

Lipid-based-EOs NPs characteristics and potential applications.

Characteristics of lipids used	EOs loaded into lipid-based NPs	NPs size (nm)	NPs polydispersity index	NPs zeta potential (mV)	Methods used	Functionality	Type of study	Medical or veterinary applications	References
Solid lipid NPs and nanostructured lipid carriers (cocoa butter as solid lipid, olive or sesame oil as liquid lipids)	Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis)	200–300	0.5	−22.07 0.29	High shear homogenization followed by ultrasound application	Physical stability up to 3 months at 2–8 °C	In vitro and in vivo	Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 19615 (Gram+)	(Saporito et al., 2018)
Solid lipid NPs	Clove (Eugenia caryophyllata)	397–1231	0.215–0.680	−15–0.6 to 21.70.2	High-shear homogenization and ultrasound	Physical stability up to 3 months at 2–8 °C	In vitro	Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram+), and against Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-)	(Fazly Bazzaz et al., 2018)
Nanostructured lipid carriers	Tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia)	150	0.213	−8.69	High pressure homogenization	Improved therapeutic efficacy in Rhamdia quelen	In vivo	Antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01 (Gram-)	(Souza et al., 2017)
Nanostructured lipid carriers	Peppermint (Mentha piperita)	40–250	0.4	−10 to −15	Hot melt homogenization	Imporve the healing process of infected wounds in mice by decreasing the tissue bacterial count and edema score	In vitro and in vivo	In-vitro antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus anthracis, Staphylococcus pneumonia, and Listeria monocytogenes (Gram+). And against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-). In-vivo antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram+). And against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-)	(Ghodrati et al., 2019)
Nanostructured lipid carriers	Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium)	40–250	0.4	−10 to −15	Hot melt homogenization	Topical application in mice reduced bacterial count and provoke proliferative phase	In vitro and in vivo	Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 49819, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19133, and Bacillus anthracis ATCC 14578 (Gram+). And against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028 (Gram-)	(Khezri et al., 2020)
Nanoemulsions	Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) EO	< 200	<0.3	−10.2	Homogenization under high agitation	Greater ability to reduce the adhesion of pathogenic bacteria to the surfaces, inhibiting the biofilm formation	In vitro	Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 (Gram+). And against Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01 (Gram-)	(da Silva Gündel et al., 2018)
Nanoemulsions	Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) EO	32–142	0.153–0.278	−34.25 to −38.25	Aqueous phase titration	Rapid absorption, improved oral bioavailability, better therapeutic efficacy	In vivo	Not reported	(Alam et al., 2018)
Nanoemulsions	Winter savory (Satureja montana)	20–200	Not reported	Not reported	Sonication	Improved stability between 32 and 20 °C	In vitro	Antimicrobial activity against avian Escherichia coli strains (Gram-)	(Rinaldi et al., 2021)
Nanoemulsions	Thyme (Thymus vulgaris)	Not reported	Not reported	−25	Sonication	Positive transcriptional modifications of broiler’s digestive enzymes	In vivo	Antimicrobial activity against avian Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strains (Gram-)	(Ibrahim et al., 2021)
Liposomes Hydrogenated (Phospholipon 80H, Phospholipon 90H) and non-hydrogenated (Lipoid S100) soybean phospholipids were used	Clove (Eugenia caryophyllata)	204–380	0.09–0.58	−3 to −38	Ethanol injection, saturated and unsaturated soybean phospholipids, in combination with cholesterol, were used to prepare liposomes	Stability up to 2 months at 4 °C	In vitro	Not reported	(Sebaaly et al.,, 2015)