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. 2021 Nov 29;36(4):994–1005. doi: 10.1038/s41375-021-01432-w

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — A The immunostimulatory adjuvant, CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826, was encapsulated into biodegradable poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) polymer nanoparticle cores (small gray spheres) via a double emulsion process. Through sonication, CpG-loaded nanoparticle cores were coated with isolated AML cell membrane (red circle), including membrane-associated MHC-I-presented antigens (blue, green, purple, and yellow dots), to form AMCNPs. B Delivery of AMCNPs to immature APCs (blue cell) stimulates maturation and AML-associated antigen presentation. The mature APCs (blue cell) present AML antigens and co-stimulatory molecules to naive T cells (green cells), resulting in activation and proliferation of T cells specific for different AML antigens (blue, green). Activated T cells (green cells) can initiate AML cell death, after detecting the MHC-I-presented antigens on AML cells (red cells).