Fig. 6. Post-remission AMCNP vaccination promotes long-lasting anti-leukemic immunity and survival benefit.

A Mice were challenged with 1 × 10⁵ C1498 cells, followed by either cytarabine and doxorubicin chemotherapy or mock chemotherapy (n = 7). B Mice were then vaccinated at 26-, 33-, and 40-days post-challenge with C1498 AMCNPs (n = 13) or equivalent C1498 whole cell lysate vaccine (WCL) (n = 15). Unvaccinated “chemotherapy only” mice were used as controls (n = 5). C Surviving mice were re-challenged at day 163 with 2 × 10⁶ C1498 cells. Kaplan–Meier survival plots are shown with significance determined by the Mantel–Cox test. D–G Mice were challenged with 1 × 10⁵ C1498 cells, followed by cytarabine and doxorubicin chemotherapy. Mice were then vaccinated at 26-, 33-, and 40-days post-challenge with C1498 AMCNPs (n = 4) or equivalent C1498 WCL vaccine (n = 4). Mice were re-challenged at day 72 with 2 × 10⁶ C1498-eGFP cells and analyzed at day 93. E Frequency of eGFP⁺ cells among mononuclear cells isolated from the bone marrow (BM) or liver of vaccinated mice. Representative flow plots are shown. F MFI of PD-1 expression among BM and liver CD3⁺ T cells from AMCNP-vaccinated and WCL-vaccinated mice. G Splenic CD3⁺CD8⁺ T cells from AMCNP-vaccinated and WCL-vaccinated mice were analyzed for the frequency of naive T cells (CD62L^hiCD44^low). Significance was determined using unpaired t-tests.