Table 2.
Study characteristics
| Author | Year | Study design | Study set-up | Setting | Center level* | Patient population | Patients (n) | Male/female (n/n) | Age median or mean (yr.) | Age range (yr.) | GCS | Reference test | Fracture prev. (n (%)) | Fracture outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Holmgren et al. [54] | 2005 | Retro | Single-center | ED | Level I | Head and orbital trauma patients | 777 | 564/213 | 32.4 (mean) | - | - | CT | 477 (61.4) | Midfacial and mandibular fractures |
| Exadaktylos et al. [55] | 2005 | Prosp. | Single-center | ED | Level I | Head and orbital trauma patients | 600 | 440/160 | 45.3 (mean) | 12–86 | 3–15 | CT | 118 (19.7) | Orbital fractures |
| Sitzman et al. [56] | 2011 | Retro | Single-center | ED | Level I | Maxillofacial trauma patients | 525 | 380/145 | 28 (median) | 1–93 | 3–15 | CT | 332 (63.2) | Midfacial and mandibular fractures |
| Yadav et al. [57] | 2012 | Prosp. | Two-center | ED | Level I/II | Orbital trauma patients | 2262 | 1544/718 | 38 (median) | - | CT | 360 (15.9) | Orbital fractures | |
| Smith et el. [58] | 2013 | Case–control | Single-center | ED | Level I | Midfacial trauma patients | 166 | 105/61 | 47–50 (median) | 18-? | 9–15 | CT | 83 (50) | Midfacial fractures |
| Büttner et al. [59] | 2014 | Retro | Single-center | ED | Level I | Minor head injury patients with a black eye | 1676 | 1102/574 | 51 (mean) | 16–99 | 13–15 | CT | 1144 (68.3) | Midfacial and mandibular fractures |
| Sitzman et al. [60] | 2015 | Retro | Single-center | ED | Level I | Maxillofacial trauma patients | 179 | 132/47 | 31 (median) | 0–91 | 3–15 | CT | 116 (64.8) | Midfacial and mandibular fractures |
| Timashpolksy et al. [61] | 2016 | Prosp. | Single-center | ED | Level I | Maxillofacial trauma patients | 57 | 44/13 | 40.04 (mean) | - | - | CT | 52 (91.2) | Midfacial and mandibular fractures |
| Scolozzi et al. [62] | 2017 | Retro | Single-center | ED | Level II | Orbital trauma patients | 912 | 632/280 | 46.6 (mean) | - | - | CT | 701 (76.9) | Orbital fractures |
| Huang et al. [63] | 2017 | Retro | Single-center | ED | Level II | Traumatic brain injury patients with facial trauma | 1649 | 918/713 | 53.1 (mean) | 20–101 | 3–15 | CT | 200 (13.8) | Midfacial and mandibular fractures |
| Harrington et al. [64] | 2018 | Retro | Single-center | ED | Level I | Maxillofacial trauma patients | 167 | 105/62 | 50.5 (mean) | - | 3–15 | CT | 99 (59.3) | Midfacial and mandibular fractures |
| Allison et al. [65] | 2019 | Retro | Single-center | ED | Level III | Head and orbital trauma patients | 47 | 41/6 | 40.6 (mean) | - | - | CT | 35 (74.5) | Orbital fractures |
Abbreviations: GCS Glasgow Coma Scale; Prev prevalence; Retro retrospective cohort study; Prosp prospective cohort study; ED emergency department; CT computed tomography