Table 2.

Examples of circulating miRNAs that may serve as potential biomarkers for DM2 vascular complications

Biomarker	Sample	Diagnostic value	Population/ethnicity	Investigated Sex	References
Macrovascular complications
miR-181c-5p	HDL fraction of plasma	Distinguish DM2 with peripheral artery disease from DM2 and healthy patients	Indigenous Australian	M	Morrison et al. (2021)
miR-130	Serum	Distinguish DM2 with CAD from CAD patients	China	M and F	Yuan et al. (2019)
miR-126	Peripheral whole blood	Distinguish DM2 and DM2 with CAD from healthy patients	Arabian	M and F	Al-Kafaji et al. (2017)
miR-126	Peripheral whole blood	Distinguish DM2 with CAD from DM2	Arabian	M and F	Al-Kafaji et al. (2017)
miR-1, miR-133	Whole blood	Early detection of CAD in DM2 patients	Arabian	M and F	Al-Muhtaresh et al. (2019)
miR-126, miR-210	Plasma	Distinguish DM2 with CAD from DM2	Egypt	M and F	Amr et al. (2018)
miR-1, miR-21	Serum	Prediction of acute heart failure in DM2 patients	Turkey	M and F	Al-Hayali et al. (2019)
Microvascular complications
miR-1281	Serum	Early detection of diabetic retinopathy in DM2 patients	Caucasian	M and F	Greco et al. (2020)
miR-25-3p, miR-320b, miR-495-3p	Plasma exosomes	Diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy in DM2 patients	Italy	M and F	Santovito et al. (2021)
miR-21	Plasma	Indicating the severity of diabetic retinopathy in DM2 patients	China	M and F	Jiang et al. (2017)
miR-21-5p, miR-30b-5p	Urinary exosomes	Indicating renal function	European (Ireland)	M, and F	(Zang et al. 2019)
miR-196a	Urine	Prognostic biomarker of renal fibrosis in patients with diabetic nephropathy	China	M, and F	An et al. (2020)
miR-128a, miR-155, miR-499a	PBMCs	Prediction of neuropathic complications in DM2	Italy	M, and F	Ciccacci et al. (2020)

Abbreviations: DM2, diabetes mellitus type 2; M, male; F, female; CAD, coronary artery disease; DR, diabetic retinopathy; PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells