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. 2022 Apr 4;12:5640. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-09684-x

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Raman spectra at several spots of inactive fumarole N-IF-2, where anatase (green spectra) and hematite (red spectra) were detected. (b) Raman spectra at several spots of inactive fumarole N-IF-3, where mainly anatase was measured. The high Raman signal of anatase masked the quartz previously detected by XRD. Blue arrows indicate the spot where the spectra were obtained.