Fig. 1. p-Cresol (pc) and indoxyl sulfate (IS) upregulate ILK activity in THP-1 cells.

THP-1 cells were incubated with a pc, b IS, or c low concentrations of pc plus IS or high concentrations of pc plus IS for different times. d THP-1 cells were transfected with scrambled RNA (Sc) or were depleted of ILK with specific siRNA and treated as in c for 24 h. Representative western blots of GSK-3β phosphorylated on the serine-9 residue (P-GSK-3β) or ILK are shown. GAPDH was used as the endogenous control. The bars represent the normalized densitometric values of the blots against the endogenous control values. All values are presented as the mean ± SEM from 4 independent experiments. *P < 0.05 vs. untreated control (CT); ^#P < 0.05 vs. pc (10 μg ml⁻¹).