TABLE 5.
Associations between bullying involvement and mental health indicators in the full sample by number of supportive adults (Health Behaviour of School Aged Children, International, 2017–2018).
| High psychological symptoms | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| None | Parent or teacher | Parent and teacher | ||||
| Predictors | RR | (95% CI) | RR | (95% CI) | RR | (95% CI) |
| Bully perpetrator | 1.09 | (1.04–1.15) | 1.21 | (1.17–1.26) | 1.40 | (1.33–1.47) |
| Bullying victim | 1.42 | (1.37–1.47) | 1.67 | (1.62–1.71) | 2.05 | (1.98–2.12) |
| Cyberbully perpetrator | 1.06 | (1.02–1.10) | 1.18 | (1.15–1.22) | 1.29 | (1.24–1.35) |
| Cyberbully victim | 1.37 | (1.32–1.41) | 1.57 | (1.53–1.61) | 1.84 | (1.78–1.90) |
| Predictors | Low life satisfaction | |||||
| None | Parent or teacher | Parent and teacher | ||||
| RR | (95% CI) | RR | (95% CI) | RR | (95% CI) | |
| Bully perpetrator | 0.99 | (0.92–1.07) | 1.18 | (1.11–1.26) | 1.25 | (1.13–1.37) |
| Bullying victim | 1.50 | (1.43–1.58) | 1.96 | (1.87–2.05) | 2.44 | (2.29–2.61) |
| Cyberbully perpetrator | 0.98 | (0.91–1.04) | 1.04 | (0.98–1.10) | 1.18 | (1.09–1.28) |
| Cyberbully victim | 1.42 | (1.35–1.50) | 1.76 | (1.68–1.85) | 1.99 | (1.86–2.13) |
RR, relative risk. All models are adjusted for sex, age group, and family affluence, and models examining perpetration as a predictor are adjusted for victimization and vice versa. All models are adjusted for clustering by country and school, and weighted. High psychological symptoms indicates a sum score of 12 or greater on a 4-item scale scored on a 5-point scale, equivalent to experiencing symptoms “about every week” or more frequent, across the four psychological symptoms. Low life satisfaction indicates a score of 5 or lower on a Cantril ladder ranging from 0 (worst possible life) to 10 (best possible life).