Table 5.
The long-term effect of PM2.5 on overweight/obesity and central obesity using mixed logistic regression analyses.
| PM2.5 exposure | Total | Male | Female | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95%CIs) | P | OR (95%CIs) | P | OR (95%CIs) | P | |
| Birthweight > 4000g | ||||||
| In pregnancy* | 1.01 (0.98, 1.04) | 0.447 | 1.00 (0.97, 1.04) | 0.867 | 1.02 (0.98, 1.07) | 0.315 |
| In pregnancy# | 1.01 (0.98, 1.05) | 0.447 | 1.02 (0.97, 1.06) | 0.435 | 1.01 (0.95, 1.07) | 0.745 |
| Overweight/obesity | ||||||
| Model 1 | ||||||
| In pregnancy | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03) | <0.001 | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03) | 0.004 | 1.02 (1.00, 1.03) | 0.013 |
| ~1 year old | 1.03 (1.02, 1.04) | <0.001 | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | <0.001 | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | 0.008 |
| ~2 year old | 1.03 (1.02, 1.04) | <0.001 | 1.03 (1.02, 1.05) | <0.001 | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | 0.005 |
| ~3 year old | 1.03 (1.02, 1.04) | <0.001 | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | <0.001 | 1.03 (1.01, 1.04) | 0.007 |
| ~4 year old | 1.03 (1.02, 1.04) | <0.001 | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | <0.001 | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | 0.009 |
| ~5 year old | 1.03 (1.02, 1.04) | <0.001 | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | <0.001 | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | 0.012 |
| ~6 year old | 1.03 (1.02, 1.04) | <0.001 | 1.03 (1.02, 1.05) | <0.001 | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | 0.008 |
| ~7 year old | 1.03 (1.02, 1.04) | <0.001 | 1.03 (1.02, 1.05) | <0.001 | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | 0.010 |
| ~8 year old | 1.03 (1.02, 1.04) | <0.001 | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | <0.001 | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | 0.013 |
| ~9 year old | 1.03 (1.02, 1.04) | <0.001 | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | <0.001 | 1.03 (1.00, 1.05) | 0.018 |
| ~10 year old | 1.03 (1.02, 1.04) | <0.001 | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | <0.001 | 1.02 (1.00, 1.05) | 0.024 |
| Model 2 | ||||||
| In pregnancy | 1.01 (0.99, 1.02) | 0.310 | 1.01 (1.00, 1.03) | 0.152 | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) | 0.723 |
| ~1 year old | 1.02 (1.00, 1.03) | 0.057 | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | 0.012 | 1.00 (0.97, 1.02) | 0.735 |
| ~2 year old | 1.02 (1.00, 1.04) | 0.014 | 1.04 (1.01, 1.06) | 0.002 | 1.00 (0.97, 1.02) | 0.805 |
| ~3 year old | 1.02 (1.00, 1.03) | 0.032 | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | 0.010 | 1.00 (0.98, 1.03) | 0.913 |
| ~4 year old | 1.02 (1.00, 1.03) | 0.035 | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | 0.014 | 1.00 (0.98, 1.03) | 0.894 |
| ~5 year old | 1.02 (1.00, 1.04) | 0.033 | 1.03 (1.01, 1.06) | 0.004 | 0.99 (0.97, 1.02) | 0.539 |
| ~6 year old | 1.02 (1.00, 1.04) | 0.019 | 1.04 (1.01, 1.06) | 0.002 | 0.99 (0.97, 1.02) | 0.629 |
| ~7 year old | 1.02 (1.00, 1.04) | 0.021 | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | 0.009 | 1.00 (0.98, 1.03) | 0.771 |
| ~8 year old | 1.02 (1.00, 1.04) | 0.040 | 1.03 (1.01, 1.06) | 0.005 | 0.99 (0.97, 1.02) | 0.533 |
| ~9 year old | 1.02 (1.00, 1.04) | 0.041 | 1.03 (1.01, 1.06) | 0.005 | 0.99 (0.96, 1.02) | 0.483 |
| ~10 year old | 1.02 (1.00, 1.04) | 0.064 | 1.03 (1.01, 1.06) | 0.008 | 0.99 (0.96, 1.02) | 0.457 |
| Central obesity | ||||||
| Model 1 | ||||||
| In pregnancy | 1.03 (1.02, 1.04) | <0.001 | 1.03 (1.01, 1.04) | <0.001 | 1.04 (1.03, 1.05) | <0.001 |
| ~1 year old | 1.06 (1.04, 1.07) | <0.001 | 1.05 (1.03, 1.07) | <0.001 | 1.07 (1.05, 1.09) | <0.001 |
| ~2 year old | 1.06 (1.05, 1.07) | <0.001 | 1.06 (1.04, 1.07) | <0.001 | 1.07 (1.05, 1.08) | <0.001 |
| ~3 year old | 1.06 (1.05, 1.07) | <0.001 | 1.05 (1.04, 1.07) | <0.001 | 1.07 (1.05, 1.09) | <0.001 |
| ~4 year old | 1.06 (1.05, 1.08) | <0.001 | 1.05 (1.04, 1.07) | <0.001 | 1.07 (1.05, 1.09) | <0.001 |
| ~5 year old | 1.07 (1.05, 1.08) | <0.001 | 1.06 (1.04, 1.08) | <0.001 | 1.08 (1.06, 1.10) | <0.001 |
| ~6 year old | 1.07 (1.05, 1.08) | <0.001 | 1.06 (1.04, 1.08) | <0.001 | 1.08 (1.06, 1.10) | <0.001 |
| ~7 year old | 1.07 (1.05, 1.08) | <0.001 | 1.06 (1.04, 1.08) | <0.001 | 1.08 (1.06, 1.10) | <0.001 |
| ~8 year old | 1.07 (1.05, 1.08) | <0.001 | 1.06 (1.04, 1.07) | <0.001 | 1.08 (1.06, 1.10) | <0.001 |
| ~9 year old | 1.07 (1.05, 1.08) | <0.001 | 1.06 (1.04, 1.07) | <0.001 | 1.08 (1.06, 1.10) | <0.001 |
| ~10 year old | 1.06 (1.05, 1.08) | <0.001 | 1.05 (1.04, 1.07) | <0.001 | 1.08 (1.06, 1.10) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | ||||||
| In pregnancy | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03) | 0.001 | 1.02 (1.00, 1.03) | 0.052 | 1.02 (1.01, 1.04) | 0.009 |
| ~1 year old | 1.05 (1.03, 1.06) | <0.001 | 1.05 (1.03, 1.08) | <0.001 | 1.05 (1.02, 1.07) | <0.001 |
| ~2 year old | 1.05 (1.03, 1.07) | <0.001 | 1.05 (1.03, 1.08) | <0.001 | 1.05 (1.03, 1.07) | <0.001 |
| ~3 year old | 1.05 (1.03, 1.07) | <0.001 | 1.05 (1.03, 1.08) | <0.001 | 1.05 (1.03, 1.07) | <0.001 |
| ~4 year old | 1.05 (1.03, 1.07) | <0.001 | 1.05 (1.03, 1.08) | <0.001 | 1.05 (1.03, 1.08) | <0.001 |
| ~5 year old | 1.06 (1.04, 1.08) | <0.001 | 1.06 (1.03, 1.08) | <0.001 | 1.06 (1.03, 1.08) | <0.001 |
| ~6 year old | 1.06 (1.04, 1.08) | <0.001 | 1.06 (1.03, 1.08) | <0.001 | 1.05 (1.03, 1.08) | <0.001 |
| ~7 year old | 1.06 (1.04, 1.07) | <0.001 | 1.06 (1.03, 1.08) | <0.001 | 1.05 (1.03, 1.08) | <0.001 |
| ~8 year old | 1.05 (1.03, 1.07) | <0.001 | 1.05 (1.03, 1.08) | <0.001 | 1.05 (1.03, 1.08) | <0.001 |
| ~9 year old | 1.05 (1.04, 1.07) | <0.001 | 1.05 (1.03, 1.08) | <0.001 | 1.06 (1.03, 1.08) | <0.001 |
| ~10 year old | 1.05 (1.03, 1.07) | <0.001 | 1.05 (1.02, 1.07) | 0.0003 | 1.05 (1.02, 1.08) | 0.0002 |
PM2.5, an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm or less;
*
adjusted sex.
#
adjusted sex, passive smoking, gestational weeks, maternal obesity, the father with obesity, gestational diabetes, gestational hypertension, mother's education. Model 1: adjusted age and sex. Model 2: adjusted age, sex (not included in sex subgroup analyses), puberty, the mother with obesity, passive smoking, physical activity, birth weight, household income, dietary intake of cereals, vegetables, and red meat.