Table 5.

Sex differences in athlete's myocardial strains.

The female athlete's heart has significantly greater strains than the male heart in the longitudinal axis for the left ventricle, and the circumferential and longitudinal axes for the right. Possibly due to small sample sizes, several strain parameters were not significantly different between the sexes. Negative values in red indicate that the female parameter is smaller; arrows indicate reported statistically significant differences; quantitative data are represented as mean absolute value ± SD; [1] Sanz-de la Garza et al. (2017) [2] Giraldeau et al. (2015) [3] Lakatos et al. (2018).