. 2021 Dec 2;101(5):101640. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101640

Table 8.

Effects of dietary palygorskite-based antibacterial agent supplementation on the concentrations of intestinal mucosal cytokines in broiler chickens (pg/mg protein).

Items¹^,²	CON	ANT	Palygorskite-based antibacterial agent level (mg/kg)				SEM³	P values
Items¹^,²	CON	ANT	250	500	1,000	2,000	SEM³	ANOVA	Linear	Quadratic
21 d
Jejunum
IFN-γ	211.30^a	194.64^ab	206.27^a	203.12^ab	193.87^ab	184.58^b	2.66	0.038	0.002	0.275
IL-1β	111.33	103.73	109.15	106.05	100.47	98.89	1.86	0.346	0.029	0.627
TNF-α	36.08^a	26.89^bc	31.00^ab	27.15^bc	25.79^bc	22.84^c	1.14	0.011	<0.001	0.905
Ileum
IFN-γ	257.15	245.51	251.08	241.71	238.29	236.65	5.72	0.920	0.249	0.888
IL-1β	101.73^a	84.12^b	92.06^ab	91.74^ab	81.56^b	77.62^b	2.45	0.049	0.001	0.718
TNF-α	41.13^a	33.48^ab	37.83^ab	33.78^a	28.95^b	27.91^b	1.19	0.005	<0.001	0.702
42 d
Jejunum
IFN-γ	212.06^a	178.33^b	191.46^ab	190.13^ab	179.99^b	170.39^b	3.66	0.014	0.001	0.97
IL-1β	111.84	97.29	106.31	101.43	96.45	95.03	2.45	0.315	0.033	0.976
TNF-α	32.43^a	23.85^bc	27.9^ab	25.57^bc	22.1^cd	18.97^d	0.88	<0.001	<0.001	0.544
Ileum
IFN-γ	252.31	235.21	246.12	242.5	232.97	228.27	4.95	0.759	0.150	0.775
IL-1β	97.45	86.69	95.29	88.43	84.02	80.89	2.27	0.246	0.012	0.631
TNF-α	37.72^a	28.76^bc	34.23^ab	29.11^bc	25.80^c	24.33^c	1.03	<0.001	<0.001	0.817

^a,b,c,d

Means within a row with different superscripts are different at P < 0.05.

CON, control group; ANT, antibiotic group.

Abbreviations: IFN-γ, interferon-γ; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α.

SEM = Standard error of the mean (n = 8).