Fig. 3.

In vitro cytotoxicity and mechanism of ferroptosis induced by MOF-membrane-camouflaged nanoplatform. Cell viability of MCF-7 (a) and MCF-7/ADR cells (b) treated with different concentrations of free DOX, PAB, MNP, PMNP, PMNP-DOX and PMNP-DOX@RBC, respectively. c, Intracellular H₂O₂ levels in MCF-7/ADR cells treated with different formulations (MNP, PAB, PMNP-DOX and PMNP-DOX@RBC) by hydrogen peroxide assay kit; n = 3. ROS (d) and superoxide (g) production evaluated by flow cytometry using DCFH-DA and dihydroethidium probes. e, reactive oxygen species assay kit analysis of MCF-7/ADR cells after treatment with formulations nanoparticles. f, Representative confocal fluorescence microscopy images of ROS and Fe²⁺. Staining assay of MCF-7/ADR cells via DCFH-DA and FerroOrange staining. h, Schematic illustration of the activity of PMNP-DOX@RBC.