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. 2022 Mar 22;9:787869. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.787869

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Copyright © 2022 Song, Ko, Lee, Choi, Cha, Kim, Park, Lee, Kang, Shim, Uhm, Kim, Kim, Kim, Park, Joung and Park.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Cox regression analysis—penalized spline. The primary endpoint according to heart failure in patients with HFpEF (reference heart rate of 88 bpm) is shown. HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.