Table 1.
Baseline characteristics based on the ejection fraction.
|
HFpEF (N = 582) |
HFmrEF (N = 506) |
HFrEF (N = 333) |
P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 71 ± 10 | 68 ± 11 | 67 ± 11 | <0.001 |
| Male | 270 (46) | 361 (71) | 241 (72) | <0.001 |
| Persistent AF, n (%) | 217 (38) | 173 (34) | 97 (29) | 0.019 |
| CHA2DS2 VASc | 3.7 ± 1.6 | 3.1 ± 1.8 | 3.4 ± 1.8 | <0.001 |
| Follow up duration, days | ||||
| Median | 894 | 778 | 689 | 0.005 |
| Interquartile range | 351-1183 | 356-1112 | 267-1099 | |
| SBP, mmHg | 123 ± 16 | 118 ± 17 | 118 ± 17 | <0.001 |
| DBP, mmHg | 74 ± 13 | 74 ± 13 | 74 ± 14 | 0.788 |
| Medical history, n (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 437 (75) | 325 (64) | 211 (63) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 153 (26) | 138 (27) | 113 (34) | 0.038 |
| Myocardial infarct | 11 (2) | 45 (9) | 33 (10) | <0.001 |
| Valvular disease | 86 (15) | 46 (9) | 25 (8) | 0.001 |
| Valvular surgery | 1 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0) | 0.508 |
| ICD | 13 (2) | 9 (2) | 40 (12) | <0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 85 (15) | 75 (15) | 49 (15) | 0.995 |
| Smoker | 134 (23) | 148 (29) | 124 (37) | <0.001 |
| Rate-control medications in use no. (%) | ||||
| None | 209 (36) | 144 (28) | 97 (29) | 0.016 |
| Beta-blocker alone | 251 (43) | 3188 (37) | 122 (37) | 0.064 |
| Verapamil or diltiazem alone | 65 (11) | 82 (16) | 51 (15) | 0.040 |
| Digoxin alone | 8 (1) | 16 (3) | 6 (2) | 0.112 |
| Beta-blocker and CCB | 35 (6) | 51 (10) | 42 (13) | 0.002 |
| Beta-blocker and digoxin | 7 (1) | 15 (3) | 11 (3) | 0.062 |
| Digoxin and CCB | 7 (1) | 5 (1) | 1 (0) | 0.378 |
| Beta-blocker, digoxin, CCB | 0 | 5 (1) | 3 (1) | 0.061 |
| Other medications in use at baseline | ||||
| Warfarin | 118 (20) | 74 (15) | 63 (19) | 0.046 |
| NOAC | 362 (62) | 335 (66) | 222 (67) | 0.265 |
| ARB or ACEi | 310 (53) | 264 (52) | 232 (70) | <0.001 |
| Statin | 224 (38) | 194 (38) | 122 (37) | 0.841 |
| Antiplatelet | 95 (16) | 83 (16) | 64 (19) | 0.421 |
| Diuretics | 70 (12) | 35 (7) | 23 (7) | 0.002 |
| Echocardiographic variables | ||||
| Left atrial size, long axis, mm | 49 ± 8 | 46 ± 8 | 48 ± 9 | 0.029 |
| Left atrial volume index, ml/m2 | 58 ± 26 | 56 ± 28 | 62 ± 28 | 0.035 |
| LV ejection fraction, % | 61 ± 7 | 45 ± 3 | 31 ± 6 | <0.001 |
| E/e' | 15 ± 7 | 13 ± 6 | 16 ± 9 | <0.001 |
HFpEF, Heart failure preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, Heart failure reduced ejection fraction; bpm, beat per minute; AF, atrial fibrillation; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; ICD, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; LV, left ventricle; CCB, calcium channel blocker (verapamil or diltiazem); NOAC, novel oral anticoagulants; ARB, angiotensin-receptor blockers; ACEi, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors.