Table 4. GC volume changes according to centralization and benchmark criteria.

Variables	A. GC resections (no centralization; 498 hospitals)	B. GC resections (no centralization: just hospitals with ≥25 resections per year; 60 hospitals)	C. GC resections (after centralizations; 69 districts)	D. GC resections (after centralization: just hospitals with mortality ≤5.51; 36 districts)	P-value
Mean ± SD	11.8±263.3	42.0±19.5	79.0±96.9	103.6±123.4	<0.001*
Median	7.0	37.5	49.0	65.0
Range	1.0–127.0	25.0–127.0	25.0–592.0	28.0–592.0

GC = gastric cancer; SD = standard deviation.

^*Mean GC volumes A vs. B; A vs. C; A vs. D: P<0.001.