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. 2022 Mar 22;13:846936. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.846936

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Copyright © 2022 Masood, Bhattaram, Rosenblatt, Kazlauskas, Chang and Azar.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Important roles of BVs and LVs in the high-risk corneal host bed as exit and entry routes of the immune reflex arc leading to immunologic graft rejection, reproduced from Clahsen et al. (2020). (1) Magnification of the host–graft interface where BVs (red) and LVs (green) reach the graft. (2) Antigen (Ag) and APCs both of host and donor can leave the cornea using corneal lymphatics and migrate through corneal LVs to the draining lymph nodes. (3) After stimulation of immune effector cells in the regional lymph nodes, (4) T lymphocytes/effector cells can be released via the efferent blood vessels and gain direct access to the transplant to initiate a rejection reaction (efferent arm of the immune reflex arc).