TABLE 5.

Lymphangiogenic modulatory agents tested in clinical trials.

Agent name	Reference/identification number	Mechanism of action	Indication	Trial status
IMC-3C5	NCT01288989 Saif et al., 2016	Anti-VEGFR-3 mAb	Colorectal cancer and solid tumors	Phase 1
VGX-100	NCT01288989	Anti-VEGF-C mAb	Advanced solid tumors	Phase 1
Etrasimod	NCT02447302 Nagahashi et al., 2012; Sandborn et al., 2020	Sphingosine 1 phosphate receptor antagonist	IBD	Phase 2
Lymfactin	NCT03658967	Adenovirus gene therapy expressing human VEGF-C	Secondary Lymphedema	Phase 2
Doxycycline	NCT02929121	VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 modulation?	Lymphedema Filariasis	Phase 3
Pazopanib	NCT00827372	VEGFR-1,2,3 inhibitor	Secondary Lymphedema	Phase 2
Ubenimex	NCT02700529	Leukotriene A4 hydrolase inhibitor, biosynthetic enzyme for the anti-lymphangiogenic leukotriene B4	Lymphedema	Phase 2