Table 1. Participants Clinical Characteristics According to APOL1 Genotype Risk Group.
| Characteristic | No. | APOL1, No. (%) | SMDa | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low-risk group (1 or 0 risk variants) | High-risk group (2 risk variants) | |||
| No. | 865 | 125 | ||
| Baseline characteristics (outpatient) | ||||
| Sex | 0.13 | |||
| Female | 990 | 70 (8.0) | 15 (12.0) | |
| Male | 990 | 795 (91.9) | 110 (88.0) | |
| Age, median (IQR), y | 990 | 68.0 (60.0-73.0) | 68.0 (62.0-73.0) | 0.05 |
| Baseline | ||||
| eGFR, median (IQR), mL/min/1.73 m2b | 990 | 72.4 (56.5-88.3) | 70.9 (59.7-86.3) | 0.02 |
| eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 990 | 256 (29.6) | 33 (26.4) | 0.07 |
| Creatinine, median (IQR), mg/dL | 990 | 1.19 (1.00-1.43) | 1.18 (1.00-1.40) | 0.001 |
| BMI | 988 | 30.0 (25.6-34.8) | 28.7 (25.1-34.2) | 0.17 |
| Diabetes mellitus type 2 | 988 | 519 (60.1) | 73 (58.9) | 0.02 |
| Hypertension | 988 | 736 (85.2) | 104 (83.9) | 0.04 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 988 | 239 (27.7) | 42 (33.9) | 0.14 |
| Congestive heart failure | 988 | 165 (19.1) | 22 (17.7) | 0.04 |
| COPD | 988 | 236 (27.3) | 39 (31.5) | 0.09 |
| Liver disease | 988 | 90 (10.4) | 16 (12.9) | 0.08 |
| Human immunodeficiency virus | 990 | 4.3 (5) | 2 (0.2) | 0.19 |
| Outpatient dipstick proteinuria during the year prior | 614 | 0.06 | ||
| Negative or trace | 341 (63.9) | 49 (61.3) | ||
| 1+ | 96 (18.0) | 15 (18.8) | ||
| ≥2+ | 97 (18.2) | 16 (20.0) | ||
| Outpatient prescriptions | ||||
| RAAS inhibition the 180 d prior Inpatient characteristicsto hospitalization | 990 | 440 (50.9) | 65 (52.0) | 0.02 |
| Admission values, median (IQR) | ||||
| Serum albumin, g/dL | 821 | 3.60 (3.20-4.00) | 3.60 (3.20-3.90) | 0.15 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 922 | 1.30 (1.05-1.77) | 1.30 (0.98-1.80) | 0.03 |
| BP, mmHg | ||||
| Systolic | 976 | 132 (117-148) | 133 (119-148) | 0.02 |
| Diastolic | 974 | 78.0 (69.0-87.0) | 78.0 (70.0-88.0) | 0.10 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 853 | 13.2 (11.8-14.4) | 13.3 (12.0-14.5) | 0.11 |
| Lymphocyte count, cells/mm3 | 835 | 5.65 (1.10-18.2) | 2.71 (0.90-17.9) | 0.02 |
| C reactive protein, g/L | 347 | 12.6 (5.40-68.5) | 20.6 (9.77-76.5) | 0.06 |
| Ferritin, ng/mL | 392 | 435 (226-833) | 454 (203-804) | 0.07 |
| Admission dipstick proteinuria | 357 | 0.4 | ||
| Negative or trace | 94 (31.2) | 13 (23.2) | ||
| 1+ | 79 (26.2) | 8 (14.3) | ||
| ≥2+ | 128 (42.5) | 35 (62.5) | ||
| Hospitalization characteristics | ||||
| Acute kidney injury | 990 | 328 (37.9) | 64 (51.2) | 0.3 |
| AKI severity stages | 990 | 0.3 | ||
| 0 | 537 (62.1) | 61 (48.8) | ||
| 1 | 217 (25.1) | 34 (27.2) | ||
| 2 | 46 (5.3) | 13 (10.4) | ||
| 3 | 65 (7.5) | 17 (13.6) | ||
| Length of stay | 990 | 6 (3-13) | 7 (3-13) | 0.05 |
| Vasopressors | 990 | 81 (9.4) | 17 (13.5) | 0.13 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 990 | 119 (13.7) | 22 (17.5) | 0.11 |
| Death | 990 | 98 (11.3) | 24 (19.2) | 0.22 |
Abbreviations: AKI, acute kidney injury; APOL1, apolipoprotein L1; BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate; RAAS inhibition, renin angiotensin-aldosterone inhibition (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers); SMD, standard mean difference.
a
SMDs are the absolute difference in means or percentage divided by an evenly weighted pooled standard deviation, or the difference between groups in number of standard deviations.
b
Baseline eGFR is the mean outpatient baseline eGFR level −7 days to −365 days prior to the admission date.