Table 1:

The four general features of homeostasis as defined by Walter Cannon and their adaptation to the concept of resilience.

Homeostasis	Resilience
General Feature	General Feature	Knowledge Gap
Constancy in an open system that requires mechanisms that act to maintain this system.	Resilience maximizes the likelihood to sustain brain and mental health across the lifespan and minimizes the risk of brain-related disability when faced with injury, insult or disease.	Is resilience-mediated brain and mental health a default state of human brain/behavior? If so, is lack of maintenance of brain and mental health a manifestation of pathology?
Steady-state conditions where any tendency toward change automatically meets with factors that resist change.	Resilience is the brain response to stressors that aims to (1) resist behavioral modification and (2) sustain wellbeing	What are all the cognitive and mental processes and their underlying brain mechanisms that contribute to define resilience?
The regulating system that determines the homeostatic state consists of many cooperating mechanisms acting simultaneously or successively.	Brain function is organized in dynamic brain networks defined by specific spatio-temporal characteristics	Is there a specific brain network or coupling patterns between networks that convey greater resilience? What is the oscillatory brain signature? How do the factors that contribute to resilience interact and relate to each other?
Homeostasis does not occur by chance but is the result of organized self-government.	Network reorganization and the mechanisms of neuroplasticity provide the substrate for resilience	What are adaptive plastic changes that promote resilience? How do changes in efficacy of mechanisms of plasticity relate to resilience?