Table 4.
Association of daily vs. non-daily sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) consumption and study variables among SSB consumers.
| SSB consumption | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| (daily = 1, non-daily = 0) | |||
| Variables | AOR | 95% CI | p value |
| Age (Ref: 15–24 years) | |||
| 25–34 years | 0.72 | (0.60–0.88) | <0.001 |
| 35–44 years | 0.50 | (0.40–0.63) | <0.001 |
| 45–54 years | 0.31 | (0.23–0.41) | <0.001 |
| 55–64 years | 0.25 | (0.17–0.36) | <0.001 |
| 65+ years | 0.26 | (0.17–0.39) | <0.001 |
| Male (Ref: Female) | 1.36 | (1.18–1.56) | <0.001 |
| Marital status (Ref: Married) | |||
| Separated/Widowed/Divorced | 0.92 | (0.68–1.24) | 0.58 |
| Never married | 1.37 | (1.16–1.63) | <0.001 |
| Region (Ref: Riyadh) | |||
| Western region | 1.37 | (1.12–1.68) | <0.001 |
| Madinah | 1.95 | (1.48–2.56) | <0.001 |
| Qaseem | 2.04 | (1.51–2.76) | <0.001 |
| Eastern Region | 1.60 | (1.26–2.04) | <0.001 |
| Asser/Bisha | 1.52 | (1.19–1.96) | <0.001 |
| Tabouk | 1.16 | (0.89–1.52) | 0.28 |
| Hail | 1.31 | (1.01–1.71) | 0.04 |
| Northern borders | 3.02 | (2.32–3.93) | <0.001 |
| Jazan | 2.27 | (1.75–2.95) | <0.001 |
| Najran | 2.42 | (1.89–3.10) | <0.001 |
| Albaha | 0.88 | (0.66–1.17) | 0.37 |
| AlJouf/Quriat | 1.39 | (1.04–1.86) | 0.03 |
| Education (Ref: Primary) | |||
| Intermediate, secondary, or technical | 0.83 | (0.70–0.98) | 0.03 |
| Tertiary education | 0.92 | (0.75–1.12) | 0.39 |
| Income (Ref: <3000 SR) | |||
| 3,000 to less than 5,000 SR | 1.01 | (0.83–1.24) | 0.93 |
| 5,000 to less than 7,000 SR | 0.97 | (0.79–1.20) | 0.79 |
| 7,000 to less than 10,000 SR | 1.07 | (0.87–1.32) | 0.51 |
| 10,000 to less than 15,000 SR | 1.25 | (1.00–1.56) | 0.05 |
| ≥15,000 SR | 0.96 | (0.75–1.23) | 0.73 |
| Employment (Ref: Employed) | |||
| Unemployed | 1.17 | (0.94–1.45) | 0.16 |
| Out of labor force | 1.26 | (1.06–1.49) | 0.01 |
| BMI (Ref: <25) | |||
| BMI: 25–30 | 0.93 | (0.81–1.07) | 0.32 |
| BMI: 30+ | 1.16 | (1.00–1.34) | 0.05 |
| Smoking status (Ref: never smoker) | |||
| Ex-smoker | 1.63 | (1.25–2.14) | <0.001 |
| Current smoker | 1.90 | (1.61–2.24) | <0.001 |
| Fast food (Ref: No weekly consumption) | |||
| 1–2 times in a week | 0.94 | (0.82–1.09) | 0.42 |
| 2+ times in a week | 1.75 | (1.48–2.08) | <0.001 |
| Fruit intake daily (Ref: 0–2 serves) | |||
| 3–4 serves | 1.28 | (0.89–1.83) | 0.18 |
| 5+ serves | 0.95 | (0.57–1.59) | 0.85 |
| Vegetables intake daily (Ref: 0–2 serves) | |||
| 3–4 serves | 0.96 | (0.72–1.27) | 0.76 |
| 5+ serves | 0.88 | (0.62–1.26) | 0.49 |
| Watching TV daily (Ref: <2 h) | |||
| 2–3 h | 1.07 | (0.90–1.27) | 0.42 |
| 4+ h | 1.65 | (1.32–2.07) | <0.001 |
| Physical activity (Ref: No) | |||
| Physical activity (low) | 1.05 | (0.87–1.29) | 0.60 |
| Physical activity (moderate) | 1.23 | (1.03–1.46) | 0.02 |
| Physical activity (high) | 1.73 | (1.42–2.10) | <0.001 |
| Attitude about fast food (Ref: Not healthy) | |||
| Healthy | 1.34 | (1.09–1.64) | 0.01 |
| Do not know | 1.03 | (0.83–1.27) | 0.80 |
| Diabetes (Ref: No) | 0.98 | (0.74–1.31) | 0.91 |
| N | 7,106 | ||