Table 1.
Characteristics of study population
| Proteinuria category | ||||
| No (n=2 435 872) |
Trace (n=231 153) |
Positive (n=78 271) |
P value | |
| Age, years | 45 (39–53) | 43 (37–51) | 45 (38–54) | <0.001 |
| Men, n (%) | 1 360 816 (55.9) | 142 049 (61.5) | 51 840 (66.2) | <0.001 |
| Obesity, n (%) | 573 631 (23.5) | 64 424 (27.9) | 30 803 (39.4) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 22.3 (20.2–24.8) | 22.6 (20.3–25.3) | 23.6 (20.7–27.1) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 441 789 (18.1) | 45 311 (19.6) | 27 331 (34.9) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 118 (107–128) | 117 (107–128) | 123 (110–136) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 72 (65–81) | 72 (65–81) | 76 (67–86) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 96 347 (4.0) | 13 930 (6.0) | 13 994 (17.9) | <0.001 |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 91 (85–98) | 93 (86–100) | 95 (87–109) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidaemia, n (%) | 951 922 (39.1) | 92 976 (40.2) | 38 991 (49.8) | <0.001 |
| Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dL | 118 (98–140) | 118 (97–140) | 120 (98–143) | <0.001 |
| High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dL | 62 (52–74) | 60 (50–72) | 57 (48–70) | <0.001 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 81 (57–121) | 83 (57–125) | 96 (63–153) | <0.001 |
| Cigarette smoking, n (%) | 599 820 (24.6) | 67 439 (29.2) | 25 789 (32.9) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | 559 086 (23.0) | 51 402 (22.2) | 18 157 (23.2) | <0.001 |
| Physical inactivity, n (%) | 1 277 150 (52.4) | 123 729 (53.5) | 42 782 (54.7) | <0.001 |
Data are expressed as number (percentage) or median (IQR). P values were calculated using χ2 tests for categorical variables and the analysis of variance for continuous variables. We analysed 2 745 296 participants. Participants were divided into three groups according to dipstick urine test at health check-up; no proteinuria, trace proteinuria and positive proteinuria.