Table 3.
Prevalence of SBA use by the states of residence of the participants
| State of residence | 1990 | 2003 | 2008 | 2013 | 2018 | All | 1990–2003 | 2003–2008 | 2008–2013 | 2013–2018 | 1990–2018 | 2003–2018 | Trend test (X2, p value) |
| Abia | na | 94.0 | 73.5 | 78.8 | 94.4 | 84.1 | na | −21.8 | 7.2 | 19.8 | na | 0.4 | 19.51, p<0.001 |
| Adamawa | 22.9 | 31.6 | 14.7 | 33.2 | 38.3 | 28.7 | 38.0 | −53.5 | 125.9 | 15.4 | 67.2 | 21.2 | 1.11,0.302 |
| Akwa Ibom | 45.6 | 48.5 | 39.4 | 42.6 | 37.3 | 40.8 | 6.4 | −18.8 | 8.1 | −12.4 | −18.2 | −23.1 | 1.71,0.196 |
| Anambra | 41.0 | 96.1 | 92.8 | 91.1 | 89.8 | 80.9 | 134.4 | −3.4 | −1.8 | −1.4 | 119.0 | −6.6 | 1.05,0.305 |
| Bauchi | 5.7 | 11.3 | 12.9 | 15.9 | 23.2 | 16.4 | 98.2 | 14.2 | 23.3 | 45.9 | 307.0 | 105.3 | 22.31, p<0.001 |
| Bayelsa | na | 23.3 | 17.3 | 21.5 | 24.3 | 21.1 | na | −25.8 | 24.3 | 13.0 | na | 4.3 | 0.88,0.347 |
| Benue | 45.7 | 55.3 | 48.5 | 58.6 | 65.5 | 56.0 | 21.0 | −12.3 | 20.8 | 11.8 | 43.3 | 18.4 | 3.02,0.083 |
| Borno | 15.1 | 33.2 | 15.0 | 21.4 | 22.0 | 19.9 | 119.9 | −54.8 | 42.7 | 2.8 | 45.7 | −33.7 | 29.76, p<0.001 |
| Cross River | 19.7 | 45.5 | 39.7 | 36.6 | 51.3 | 40.8 | 131.0 | −12.7 | −7.8 | 40.2 | 160.4 | 12.7 | 2.54,0.110 |
| Delta | na | 72.2 | 58.1 | 58.0 | 61.0 | 59.8 | na | −19.5 | −0.2 | 5.2 | na | −15.5 | 4.99,0.025 |
| Ebonyi | na | 36.5 | 42.4 | 55.9 | 46.6 | 47.7 | na | 16.2 | 31.8 | −16.6 | na | 27.7 | 1.01,0.314 |
| Edo | 62.9 | 69.3 | 77.8 | 76.9 | 88.5 | 78.1 | 10.2 | 12.3 | −1.2 | 15.1 | 40.7 | 27.7 | 0.66, 0.414 |
| Ekiti | na | 67.2 | 79.3 | 80.8 | 80.6 | 79.8 | na | 18.0 | 1.9 | −0.2 | na | 19.9 | 5.34,0.021 |
| Enugu | na | 81.0 | 55.5 | 84.5 | 92.0 | 79.8 | na | −31.5 | 52.3 | 8.9 | na | 13.6 | 38.18,0.000 |
| FCT-Abuja | 83.3 | 27.6 | 64.2 | 64.3 | 69.7 | 65.8 | −66.9 | 132.6 | 0.2 | 8.4 | −16.3 | 152.5 | 21.75,0.000 |
| Gombe | na | 22.7 | 15.5 | 16.0 | 17.3 | 16.6 | na | −31.7 | 3.2 | 8.1 | na | −23.8 | 1.24,0.264 |
| Imo | 66.9 | 93.2 | 92.3 | 93.3 | 93.6 | 87.3 | 39.3 | −1.0 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 39.9 | 0.4 | 0.31,0.576 |
| Jigawa | na | 0.9 | 5.0 | 9.5 | 20.6 | 11.7 | na | 455.6 | 90.0 | 116.8 | na | 2188.9 | 48.56,0.000 |
| Kaduna | 15.4 | 24.4 | 21.7 | 31.5 | 26.5 | 25.1 | 58.4 | −11.1 | 45.2 | −15.9 | 72.1 | 8.6 | 0.31,0.572 |
| Kano | 5.2 | 26.6 | 14.5 | 16.3 | 21.1 | 16.6 | 411.5 | −45.5 | 12.4 | 29.4 | 305.8 | −20.7 | 2.33,0.126 |
| Katsina | 3.5 | 19.2 | 5.1 | 7.6 | 19.6 | 10.9 | 448.6 | −73.4 | 49.0 | 157.9 | 460.0 | 2.1 | 0.59,0.439 |
| Kebbi | na | 3.8 | 6.3 | 8.5 | 3.8 | 6.0 | Na | 65.8 | 34.9 | −55.3 | na | 0.0 | 0.02,0.881 |
| Kogi | na | 77.1 | 64.2 | 71.0 | 70.0 | 69.0 | Na | −16.7 | 10.6 | −1.4 | na | −9.2 | 0.99,0.318 |
| Kwara | 53.1 | 72.1 | 48.1 | 73.7 | 58.8 | 60.6 | 35.8 | −33.3 | 53.2 | −20.2 | 10.7 | −18.4 | 0.63,0.426 |
| Lagos | 73.9 | 81.1 | 80.2 | 82.6 | 79.9 | 79.2 | 9.7 | −1.1 | 3.0 | −3.3 | 8.1 | −1.5 | 0.04,0.484 |
| Nasarawa | na | 27.7 | 31.4 | 45.0 | 57.1 | 44.5 | na | 13.4 | 43.3 | 26.9 | na | 106.1 | 25.68,0.000 |
| Niger | 27.7 | 36.0 | 17.0 | 25.0 | 23.6 | 22.9 | 30.0 | −52.8 | 47.1 | −5.6 | −14.8 | −34.4 | 7.74,0.005 |
| Ogun | 72.0 | 61.4 | 65.5 | 86.2 | 77.3 | 75.4 | −14.7 | 6.7 | 31.6 | −10.3 | 7.4 | 25.9 | 17.52,0.000 |
| Ondo | 57.2 | 68.0 | 50.5 | 55.7 | 82.2 | 62.7 | 18.9 | −25.7 | 10.3 | 47.6 | 43.7 | 20.9 | 1.03,0.309 |
| Osun | na | 86.5 | 88.9 | 88.9 | 93.2 | 90.2 | na | 2.8 | 0.0 | 4.8 | na | 7.7 | 0.74,0.388 |
| Oyo | 72.0 | 77.7 | 73.9 | 67.8 | 75.5 | 72.5 | 7.9 | −4.9 | −8.3 | 11.4 | 4.9 | −2.8 | 0.86,0.352 |
| Plateau | 19.2 | 42.9 | 27.9 | 40.0 | 44.2 | 35.3 | 123.4 | −35.0 | 43.4 | 10.5 | 130.2 | 3.0 | 6.11,0.013 |
| Rivers | 28.7 | 63.4 | 61.5 | 51.7 | 67.4 | 58.0 | 120.9 | −3.0 | −15.9 | 30.4 | 134.8 | 6.3 | 0.53,0.463 |
| Sokoto | 0.7 | 2.7 | 5.7 | 6.2 | 11.2 | 6.6 | 285.7 | 111.1 | 8.8 | 80.6 | 1500.0 | 314.8 | 1.47,0.225 |
| Taraba | na | 19.8 | 25.4 | 15.0 | 25.0 | 21.4 | na | 28.3 | −40.9 | 66.7 | na | 26.3 | 0.75,0.386 |
| Yobe | na | 22.6 | 10.2 | 12.2 | 13.6 | 12.6 | na | −54.9 | 19.6 | 11.5 | na | −39.8 | 4.01,0.045 |
| Zamfara | na | 1.1 | 5.7 | 6.4 | 8.0 | 6.5 | na | 418.2 | 12.3 | 25.0 | na | 627.3 | 4.07,0.043 |
| Total | 32.0 | 37.9 | 33.9 | 36.6 | 42.4 | 37.5 | 18.4 | −10.6 | 8.0 | 15.8 | 32.5 | 11.9 | 39.43,0.000 |
FCT, Federal Capital Territory; na, not available; SBA, skilled birth attendants.