Direct oxidation of glucose to various sugar carboxylic acids without C–C bond cleavage reactiona.
| S/N | Feedstock | Product | Catalyst | Reaction conditions | Yield (%) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Glucose | GCA | Au/SBA-15 | 110 °C, 2 h, glucose (0.2 M, 10 mL), catalyst (0.01 g), water, 0.5 MPa O2 | 95.2 | 155 |
| 2 | Glucose | GCA | Co/Al2O3 | 60 °C, 3 h, glucose (20 wt%, 7.5 g), catalyst (0.016 g), pH 9 (controlled), water, d-glucose/30 wt% H2O2 (1/1 molar ratio) | 82 | 156 |
| 3 | Glucose | GCA | Au-HBeta (AP) | 110 °C, 2 h, glucose (0.2 M, 20 mL), glucose/Au (1970/1 molar ratio), water, 0.5 MPa O2 | 90 | 157 |
| 4 | Glucose | GCA | Au/MCM-41 | 37 °C, 45 min, glucose (0.15 M), glucose/Au (118 200/1 molar ratio), pH 7.4 (controlled), water, dissolved O2 (6–8 mg L−1) | 85* | 158 |
| 5 | Glucose | GCA | PdBi/Al2O3 | 60 °C, 110 min, glucose (0.6 moL l−1, 25 mL), glucose/Pd (1900/1 molar ratio), pH 8.8–9.2, 10 mL min−1 O2 | 95.5 | 159 |
| 6 | Glucose | GCA | g-C3N4/CoPz | 300 W xenon lamp (2 W cm−2), 20 min, glucose (1 mmol L−1, 30 mL), catalyst (0.02 g), water, H2O2 (30 μL) | 31 | 160 |
| 7 | Glucose | GCA | Au61Pd39/Ce-NR | 80 °C, 6 h, catalyst (100 mol% of metal), pH 9.5 (initial), water, 0.6 MPa O2 | 97.7 | 161 |
| 8 | Glucose | GCA | Gold electrode | 5 °C, 65 h, 0.55 VRHE for 30 s, 2.40 VRHE for 1 s, 0 VRHE for 1 s, 0.04 M glucose in 0.1 M NaOH | 86.6* | 162 |
| 9 | Glucose | GCA | SnO2/FePz(SBu)8 | Light intensity (2 W cm−2), 1 h, glucose (1 mmol L−1, 50 mL), catalyst (0.02 g), airflow (0.4 L min−1) | 18 | 163 |
| 10 | Glucose | GCA | Au/HAP-LDH | 110 °C, 2 h, glucose (2 mmol), glucose/Au (1000/1 molar ratio), water (12 mL), 0.5 MPa O2 | 98 | 164 |
| 11 | Glucose | GCA | Pd/Cellulose | RT, 3 h, glucose (0.5 mmol, 0.053 g), catalyst (0.04 g), Na2CO3 (0.053 g), water (10 mL), 30 mL min−1 O2 | 91.2 | 165 |
| 12 | Cellulose | GCA | FeCl3 | 110 °C, 2 h (hydrolysis in 60% FeCl3 and oxidation in 40% FeCl3), glucose (0.25 g), air | 50 | 166 |
| 13 | Cellulose | GCA | FeCl3·6H2O/ethylene glycol (2 : 1) | 120 °C, 1 h, FeCl3 (oxidant) | 52.7 | 167 |
| 14 | Cellobiose | GCA | CuO–CeO2 | 160 °C, 3 h, cellobiose (0.205 g), catalyst (0.050 g), water (15 mL), CuO as oxidant | 51 | 168 |
| 15 | Glucose | GRA | AuBi/AC | 80 °C, 3 h, glucose/metal/NaOH (4.4/0.0088/13.2), water (15 mL), 1.3 MPa O2 | >35 | 169 |
| 16 | Glucose | GRA | Au–Pt/ZrO2 | 100 °C, 4 h, glucose/metal (80/1), 4 MPa O2 | 50 | 170 |
| 17 | Glucose | GRA | NiFeOx-NF | 2 h, 10 mM glucose in 1 M KOH, E = 1.30 V, J = 17.7 mA cm−2, potential applied = 1.30 V | 83.3 | 171 |
| 18 | Glucose | Glucuronic acid | Au/CeO2 | 130 °C, 4 h, glucose (0.55 mol L−1, 10 mL), catalyst (0.02 g), water (10 mL), 1.5 MPa O2 | 48 | 49 |
| 19 | Glucose | Glucuronic acid | — | 25 °C, 4 h, water (100 mL), 10 mL min−1 O2 bubbling, ultrasonic irradiation (550 kHz, Pacouc = 0.36 W mL−1) | 94 | 172 |
| 20 | Glucose | Galacturonic acid | Zinc–vanadium mixed oxide | 100 °C, 30 min, catalyst (0.01 g), water and H2O2 (10 mL), MW irradiation | 59.6 | 173 |
a
Abbreviations: GCA, gluconic acid; GRA, glucaric acid; CoPz, cobalt tetra(2,3-bis(butylthio)maleonitrile)porphyrazine; NR, Nanorod; MW, microwave; RT, room temperature. *Selectivity.