A table for the high-yielding preparation of IS from glucose and cellulose using different classes of acid catalystsa.
| S/N | Feedstock | Catalyst | Acid | Reaction conditions | Yield (%) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Cellulose | Ru/C (10 wt%) | HCl (0.10 M) | 215 °C, 6 h, 6 MPa H2, water | 49.5 | 127 |
| 2 | MC-cellulose | Ru/C (1.7 wt%) | H2SO4 (0.5 M) | 220 °C, 2 h, 4 MPa H2, water | 50 | 182 |
| Glucose | 60 | |||||
| 3 | MC-cellulose | Ru/C (25 wt%) | SiW (0.547 M) | 210 °C, 1 h, 5 MPa H2, water | 52 | 183 |
| 4 | MC-cellulose | Ru5.5@mNbPO (10 wt%) | — | 220 °C, 1 h, 6 MPa H2, water | 53 | 184 |
| 5 | Cellulose | Ru/NbOPO4-pH2 (83 wt%) | — | 230 °C, 24 h, 4 MPa H2, water | 13.2 | 185 |
| 6 | Milled cellulose | Ru/C (62 wt%) | A70 (3.0 g) | 190 °C, 16 h, 5 MPa H2, water | 55.8 | 186 |
| 7 | Japanese Cedar | Ru/C (62 wt%) | A70 (3.0 g) | 190 °C, 16 h, 5 MPa H2, water | 25.4 | 187 |
| 8 | Glucose (0.1 M) | Ru@Dowex-H (0.104 g) | — | 190 °C, 48 h, 3 MPa H2, water | 84.9 | 188 |
| 9 | Cellulose | Ru2·2/Fe3O4@void@PMOSO3H0.14 (10 wt%) | — | 220 °C, 2 h, 6 MPa H2, water | 58.1 | 189 |
| 10 | Cellulose | Ni/NbOPO4 | — | 200 °C, 24 h, 3 MPa H2, water | 47 | 190 |
| 11 | Glucose (0.05 M) | 35Ni/NDC (10 g) | β-zeolite (30 g) | Reactor 1: 150 °C, water | 54 | 191 |
| Reactor 2: 230 °C, 50 h, 4.0 MPa |
a
Abbreviations: MC, microcrystalline; NDC, nitrogen-doped carbon; SiW, silicotungstic acid; A70, Amberlyst 70.