Table 5.

DPFs with low risk of bias assessed with QUIPS

Study	Time	Biases			Applicability			Overall score
		Participation	Attrition	Prognostic factor	Outcome	Confounding	Statistical analysis and reporting
Aguilera25	2015	Low	Low	Low	Low	Moderate	Low	Low
Alvim27	2019	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Bramhecha26	2019	Low	Moderate	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Bruce28	2016	Low	Moderate	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Francini29	2018	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Moderate	Low
Hamada30	2016	Low	Low	Low	Moderate	Low	Low	Low
Hashimoto31	2020	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Hung57	2017	Moderate	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Kato32	2018	Low	Moderate	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Kluth33	2014	Low	Moderate	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Lara34	2014	Low	Low	Low	Low	Moderate	Low	Low
Lee35	2016	Low	Moderate	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Levesque36	2019	Low	Moderate	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Lin37	2017	Low	Moderate	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Loffeler38	2015	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Narang39	2017	Low	Moderate	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Ozden40	2017	Moderate	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Pei41	2016	Low	Low	Moderate	Low	Low	Low	Low
Qu42	2016	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Qu43	2017	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Rizzardi58	2015	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Ruenauver44	2014	Low	Moderate	Moderate	Low	Low	Low	Low
Shimodaira45	2020	Low	Moderate	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Strand46	2015	Low	Moderate	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Takagi47	2017	Low	Low	Low	Low	Moderate	Low	Low
Wang48	2016	Low	Moderate	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Zacho49	2017	Moderate	Low	Low	Low	Moderate	Low	Low
Berg50	2014	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low

DPFs, diagnostic and prognostic factors; QUIPS, Quality in Prognostic Studies.