Effect of CQDs on the performance of solar cellsb.
| Synthesis technique | Type of solar cell | Role of CQDs | Solar cell structure (with CQD) | % PCEa (without CQD), A | % PCEa (with CQD), B | % ΔPCE (B − A) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dehydration [chemical oxidation] | NCTiSC | Sensitizer | FTO/TiO2/CQD/electrolyte/Pt-FTO | 0.03% | 0.13% | 0.10% | 122 |
| Hydrothermal | SiNwSC | EDS layer | Si/SiNWs/CQDs/PVA | 10.85% | 10.96% | 0.11% | 130 |
| Microwave irradiation | MSC | Sensitizer | FTO/TiO2/CQD/electrolyte/counter electrode | — | 0.24% | NA | 116 |
| CVD | OSC | ETL | ITO/PEDOT:PSS/active layer/ETL (CQDs)/Al (active layer = P3HT:PC61BM, PTB7:PC61BM, PTB7-TH:PC71BM) | 1.75% | 3.11% | 1.36% | 143 |
| 6.28% | 6.85% | 0.57% | |||||
| 7.59% | 8.23% | 0.64% | |||||
| Hydrothermal | PSC | HTM | FTO/d-TiO2/mp-TiO2/MAPI/HTM/Au | 0.71% | 3.00% | 2.29% | 148 |
| Pyrolysis | QDSC | Sensitizer | FTO/TiO2/N-CQD/gel electrolyte/Pt-FTO | — | 0.79% | NA | 136 |
| Alkali-assisted ultrasonic chemical method | PSC | ETL | ITO/CQDs/TiO2/perovskite/spiro-OMeTAD/Au | 15.15% | 18.90% | 3.75% | 144 |
| Pyrolysis | NCTiSC | Sensitizer | FTO/TiO2/CQD/polysulfide/Cu2S | — | 0.87% | NA | 137 |
| CVD | OSC | Electron acceptor | ITO/ZnO/P3HT:C-CQDs/MoO3/Al | 0.08% | 0.29% | 0.21% | 151 |
| CVD | OSC | Dopant | ITO/ZnO/P3HT:C-CQDs:PC61BM/MoO3/Al | 3.30% | 3.67% | 0.37% | 151 |
| Hydrothermal | DSSC | EDS layer | FTO/TiO2/CQDs/electrolyte/Pt-FTO | 7.30% | 8.20% | 0.90% | 131 |
| Microwave irradiation | i-PSC | ETL | FTO/PEDOT:PSS/MAPbI3/PCBM:CQDs/BCP/Ag | 16.10% | 18.10% | 2.00% | 145 |
| Solvothermal | NCTiSC | Sensitizer | FTO/TiO2/mp-TiO2/CQD/electrolyte/Pt-FTO | — | 1.20% | NA | 139 |
| Hydrothermal | DSSC | Co-sensitizer | FTO/TiO2/N719 dye/CQDs/electrolyte/Pt–Ni-FTO | 8.50% | 9.15% | 0.65% | 140 |
| Hydrothermal | c-SiSC | EDS layer | Not mentioned | 17.39% | 18.40% | 5.80% | 133 |
| Microwave irradiation | i-OSC | ETL | ITO/PEI-CQDs/PTB7-Th:PC71BM/MoO3/Ag | 8.549% | 9.468% | 0.919% | 146 |
| Solvothermal | OSC | HTL | ITO/PEDOT:PSS-CQDs/PTB7:PC71BM/TiOx/Al | 7.26% | 8.57% | 1.31% | 149 |
a
Under one standard sun (AM 1.5).
b
NCTiSC: nanocrystalline TiO2 solar cell, SiNwSC: silicon nanowire solar cells, MSC: mesoscopic solar cell, QDSC: quantum dot solar cell, OSC: organic colar cell, PSC: perovskite solar cell, i-PSC: inverted perovskite solar cell, c-SiSC: crystalline silicon solar cell, i-OSC: inverted organic solar cell.