a) Percent internalization of particles having different aspect ratio in HeLa cells. Legends present particle diameter per volume. Reproduced with permission.[
246
] Copyright 2008, The National Academy of sciences of the USA. b) Influence of molecular weight of polyethylene glycol on the size of nanocarriers. Reproduced with permission.[
249
] Copyright 2019, WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. c) Fate of nanocarriers depending upon their size, shape, surface charge, and modifications. In general, rod‐shaped nanocarriers extravasate while spherical and larger nanocarriers continue in the circulatory track (top left); nanocarriers having positive surface charge and the ones whose surface are uncoated/modified get cleared out faster by macrophages (top right); neutral, rod‐shaped and targeted nanocarriers can easily permeate tumor showing better local distribution (bottom left) whereas carriers that are smaller, coated, and surface with positive charge can permeate mucosal barriers more easily (bottom right). Reproduced with permission.[
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] Copyright 2020, Springer Nature.