Neural pathways implicated in risky reward-seeking behaviors. Regions, pathways, and receptors are outlined in different colors to depict their involvement in each form of ‘risk’: dark blue represents circuit elements that have been shown to be involved in positive punishment-based assays, green represents circuit elements involved in negative punishment-based assays, and light blue represents circuit elements that have been linked to both behaviors. Note, anatomical connections between regions that have not explicitly been implicated in risky reward seeking are not displayed. For simplicity, projections from VTA have been mostly eliminated. BLA (basolateral amygdala), D1R (dopamine D1-receptor), D2R (dopamine D2-receptor), IL (infralimbic cortex), LHb (lateral habenula), lOFC (lateral orbitofrontal cortex), mOFC (medial orbitofrontal cortex), mPFC (medial prefrontal cortex), NAcCore (nucleus accumbens core), NAcShell (nucleus accumbens shell), PAG (periaqueductal gray), PL (prelimbic cortex), RMTg (rostromedial tegmental nucleus), VTA (ventral tegmental area).